thought of going, and how Parker's doctrine of "the divine immanence in matter and in man" is now held by most Christian thinkers.

But great as was the preacher in Parker, the humanitarian was greater. He is remembered to-day not so much by his sermons, now little read, as by his devotion to discouraged, doubting, and downtrodden humanity. The call to aid a fugitive slave was put above everything else. He must follow the flag of humanity. And to this part of the story Mr. Chadwick does full justice. The life of the anti-slavery leader and of the pastor of ten thousand souls, from Boston to Calcutta, he recounts vividly.

The make-up of the book is good. Some minor corrections have already appeared in print; in addition we may note (p. xix.) that the "National Review" article of 1860, which has been ascribed to James Martineau, appeared in volume x; and (p. xiv.) that the discourse on Daniel Webster was not published till 1853. The bibliography is fairly full. References to Allibone and Poole for supplementary titles might have been added (cp. p. 379); and why confine the list to English books? Mr. Chadwick was of course aware of Altherr's careful study (Theodor Parker in seinem Leben und Wirken darge stellt, St. Gallen, 1894; see an appreciative review by M. Picard in Revue de l'histoire des religions xxx. 224–227), and of the earlier and briefer work by H. Lang (Theodor Parker, Zürich, about 1880). The list might also have properly included Ziethen's translation of some of Parker's works into German (five vols., Leipzig, 1854-61). But these are minor points. A good index makes the book doubly valuable.

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP.

HASTINGS's BIBLE DICTIONARY.*

The third volume of Hastings's "Dictionary of the Bible" maintains the previous high standard of the monumental work. While it

would hardly be true to say that its subjects are more important than those of Volume II., a book must be of first importance that treats, among other subjects, of Matthew, Mark, Luke, the Old and New Testament canons, Paul the Apostle, Law, Moses, Numbers, Mediator,

*A DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE: Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, including Biblical Theology. Edited by James Hastings, M.A., D.D. Volume III., KirPleides. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Miracle, Peter, Epistles of Peter, Passover, and Pharisees.

The point of view of the authors of the articles in this volume is that of historical criticism, although in the case of certain contributors there is to be seen a somewhat unexpected disregard of what has come to be accepted as probability. Yet even in so conservative an article as that of Dr. M'Clymont upon the New Testament, critical results are by no means disregarded. As a whole, the articles are of exceptional value, although one's patriotism leads one to feel that more work might well have been assigned to American scholars. It must be said, too, that some of the articles upon the New Testament are disappointing, and hardly of the same grade as those dealing with similar subjects in the Old Testament. That upon the New Testament Canon, for instance, is hardly more than a somewhat modernized epitome of Westcott, a discussion of the external evidence of different books, which all but ignores the weighty matters of local, partial, and heretical canons, as well as the motives and causes leading to the final adoption of the canon in its present form. Similarly, the article upon the Messiah, although sufficient for the general reader, will disappoint the special student. Altogether admirable, however, are the articles of Professor Chase upon the Epistles of Peter, that upon the Second Epistle being a model of method and investigation. Professor Findlay has done characteristically careful work upon Paul the Apostle. Here again we have an illustration of the conservative progress of English New Testament scholars. Professor Findlay favors Lightfoot's view of Paul's "thorn in the flesh" as epilepsy, and holds to the second imprisonment of the Apostle, as well as the older chronological scheme of his life, while adopting the South Galatian theory of Ramsay. It is to be regretted that in its ment should have been so much more systemexposition of the Pauline thought the treatatic than historical. Of the two articles by Dr. Fairweather upon the Maccabees, that upon the history of the family is hardly more

than a brief statement of external events, and all but overlooks the great movements of thought and religion that characterized their epoch. Professor Kennedy has produced a most valuable study upon the money of the Bible, in which he follows the trend of recent numismatic work in refusing to accept any coin of the Maccabees earlier than John Hyrcanus.

It is, however, quite impossible and almost impertinent to pass these ex cathedra judgments ex cathedra judgments upon such serious and scholarly work as is contained in this volume. It would perhaps be better, in a short review, to be content with congratulating the general editor of the Dictionary, Dr. James Hastings, for his success, not alone in his selection of contributors, but also in the almost uniform justice with which the space is distributed. His work, representing as it does both caution and independence in the use of scientific methods in biblical study, is certain to have a permanent place and influence in the rapid development of a rational theology.

SHAILER MATHEWS.

THE HINGE OF THE WORLD'S FUTURE.* The criticism of Mr. Chester Holcombe in "The Real Chinese Question" applies to nearly all of the books dealing with the weighty problem on which the future of the entire world may be said to hinge. Not the welfare of the Chinese, but that of the various nations of Christendom clamoring at the gates of the ancient empire, is the subject of their consideration. The talk is all of reparation and indemnity from the Chinese, - with never the hint of a suggestion of indemnity or reparation to them for the wholesale atrocities visited upon them by the Allied forces. For the most part every author assumes that the European or American point of view, or the point of view of some one of the Christian sects, is the only one from which the present emergency can be grasped; that the Chinese, even in their own country, are strange and inhuman, and that the solution of their problems lies with the statesmen of Christendom, to whom

*THE AWAKENING OF THE EAST. By Pierre Leroy-Beaulieu. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.

THE PROBLEM OF ASIA, and Its Effect upon International Policies. By Captain A. T. Mahan. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.

THE CHINAMAN AS WE SEE HIM. By Ira A. Condit, D.D. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company.

CHINA AND THE PRESENT CRISIS. By Joseph Walton, M.P. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

AN AMERICAN ENGINEER IN CHINA. By William Barclay Parsons. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.

THE OUTBREAK IN CHINA: Its Causes. By F. L. Hawks Pott, D.D. New York: James Pott & Co.

THE STORY OF THE CHINESE CRISIS. By Alexis Krausse. New York: Cassell & Co., Ltd.

THE STORY OF CHINA. By Neville P. Edwards. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.

THE ATTACHÉ AT PEKING. By A. B. Freeman-Mitford, C.B. New York: The Macmillan Company.

THE REAL CHINESE QUESTION. By Chester Holcombe. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.

remedies proposed show the Caucasian to be a man of like passions with his yellow-skinned congener, and Shylock's outburst and plea for a common humanity comes into mind with every fresh revelation of the wish to place all the moral responsibility upon Chinese shoulders as a preliminary to doing something, ostensibly for his own good, but really for the good of his advisers.

The book of M. Pierre Leroy-Beaulieu, "The Awakening of the East," is an honorable exception to this. Mr. Henry Norman writes an introduction for it, saying rightly that the three countries treated in the work, Siberia, Japan, and China, are those concerning which enlightenment is needed before the question of China alone can be discussed at all. The author is a Frenchman, and has travelled through the lands he describes. He gives us not only an account of the position of Russia, which seems to be less advantageous than Great Britain has generally been disposed to think, but a sympathetic survey of the advance of Japan, and an illuminating comparison of Japan's condition forty years ago with that of China to-day. Other writers have seen in the laying off of one culture and the assumption of another, by the people of the Mikado, an evidence of instability and lack of moral conviction. With more insight, our author holds that Japan was touched at heart not at all by the Chinese civilization she is so rapidly discarding, and not much by the European garments in which she is clothing herself, her own national life lying calm and undisturbed below them all; that it is the depth of this life, not its shallowness, which enables the astonishing change to be made. In China, on the other hand, the civilization of the people is the people itself, and a change is inconceivable except as a preliminary to national suicide. In Japan, too, the nation worked out its own salvation; in China, a multitude of self-constituted counsellors are standing about suggesting or dictating safety for themselves. He sees in England, Japan, and the United States the only honest advocates of an open-door policy, and his advice to his countrymen is to secure for Europe in China such commercial concessions as have been wrested from Turkey.

Captain Mahan is an excellent illustration of the writer whose only thought is one of enlightened selfishness; and it is doubtful if a line in his "Prob. lem of Asia" has the good of the Chinese nation at heart, except in so far as unhappiness in that country conduces to unhappiness for Christendom or to Christian disadvantage. "The propriety of noninterference," or "the conventional rights of a socalled independent state to regulate its own internal affairs," are outworn phantasies with him when Chinese affairs are under discussion. His advice, then, would be to prevent a preponderance of influence in the East on the part of any one of the Powers, and to secure an open door, not in the commercial sense alone, but for the importation of our civilization, lest China, waxing fat under in

creased trade, shall not at the same time acquire "the corrective and elevating element of the higher ideals, which in Europe have made good their controlling influence over mere physical might" (using his own words). This is delicious: is it America in the Philippines, England in South Africa, Russia in Manchuria, France in Madagascar, or Germany in Liao-Tong, which is to set China the example of non-aggression — a policy which has been Chinese since Egypt built the pyramids, and one to which her fabulous extent of national existence is unquestionably due. For the United States, our man of war would have us "respect to the utmost the integrity of Chinese territory, and the individuality of the Chinese character in shaping its own government and polity," only " meddling" (his own word) with their national affairs when "they become internationally unendurable." Poor China!

The Reverend Doctor Condit's book, "The Chinaman as We See Him," says little about the Mongolian race in its own country, and a great deal concerning its conduct in America, particularly in San Francisco, where he has been laboring among the Chinese for years. Yet it deserves careful study by those who are shaping our national destinies. It proves by absolute demonstration that there are more points of resemblance than of difference between the white and the yellow races; and it holds up to view, with unsparing hand, the vices of the American and his government beside those of his Eastern brother. Especially significant, in view of what is to follow, is the denunciation of the British Opium War, and the consequent degradation of the pagan by the Christian nation. Few defenders of that atrocity are to be found to-day; but Doctor Condit points out the damning fact that the English now have an annual revenue of forty millions of dollars from this international crime one which is beginning to react upon America in the spread of the opium habit among us.

Mr. Joseph Walton's "China and the Present Crisis" is based upon observations made during eight months of travel in Japan, Corea, and China, during which time five thousand miles were passed over in the interior of the last-named country. It contains a summary of his knowledge delivered before the House of Commons on March 30 last, and follows this with a chapter dealing with more recent events, in which certain suggestions are made for a betterment of the situation. These suggestions are four in number, comprising a grant to the Chinese government to levy increased duties on imports, but only on these conditions (how long would the United States permit the outside world to dictate its tariff laws ?): all other taxes on goods to be abolished, and a substantial share of the increased revenues to be given the provincial governments; all officials to be adequately paid; all inland waterways in China to be opened to the world's commerce; and all railways built with foreign capital to become the property of the Chinese government upon due compensation being granted.

These conditions are not wholly selfish, in the sense in which the Chinese will not profit by them at all; but it is to be remarked that nothing but good will flow from them to Great Britain, while the assumption by foreigners of the inland commerce of China would throw many millions of Chinese into starvation.

To a great extent, the interest of Mr. William Barclay Parsons's "An American Engineer in China" lies in the account therein given of an extended professional journey through Hu-nan, a practically unknown province of the empire. This expedition was undertaken as the result of an American concession for constructing a railway from Hankow to Canton, nine hundred miles, which, with the mining and other privileges appertaining, "make it, in value and in national importance, second to no other concession granted by the Chinese Government." Four hundred miles of its line are to be contained within the "closed" province of Hu-nan, traversing its entire length, so that during more than half the author's tour he was the first white man ever seen by the resident natives. Three other men of European blood had been in the province, but only on its waterways; and the information given by Mr. Parsons is of real importance. The expedition was accompanied by soldiers, and was made at some little personal risk, more from the childish curiosity of the natives, however, than from any ill will. Mr. Parsons remarks that our country has the confidence of the Chinese to an extent unknown by other nations, because of its supposed freedom from international greed; and this he thinks is worth retaining, on the principle that "honesty is the best policy." Chapters dealing popularly with professional subjects, like architectural and railway engineering, add to the value of the book, which is well illustrated.

“The Outbreak in China" is due, as the Reverend Doctor Pott analyses the situation, to a round dozen of causes. Among these are listed the German seizure of Kiao-chao Bay, the forced lease to Russia of Port Arthur, the forced lease to England of Wei-hai-wei and the extension at Kowloon, the Italian demand for Sanmen Bay, the general extension of the foreign settlements, the introduction of railways, the forced concessions to foreigners, the subsidizing of Chinese by foreign capital, and "missionary enterprise." These provoking causes, with others which come from the Chinese, are discussed in detail and remedies are suggested. The reverend Doctor advises that "wherever there have been anti-foreign uprisings, punitive expeditions should penetrate, and the guilty, responsible for the massacre of innocent women and children, be made to pay the penalty for their barbarous cruelty. The arrogance and self-conceit of ages must be trailed in the dust." Doctor Pott advances arguments for and against a partition of Chinese territory tory after China has been properly humiliatedbut nothing distantly resembling a moral concept can be discerned; he expresses the conviction that

Russia, France, and Germany will continue their present aggressions; and advises America to remember that her part should "not be merely further land-grabbing, or the increase of commerce, but the advancement of Christian civilization in the Far East."

Mr. Alexis Krausse, in spite of his un-English name, presents the case of Great Britain in "The Story of the Chinese Crisis," leading up to the present status by a justification of the Opium War, and setting forth the two serious mistakes of the British foreign office in dealing with China as lying in the seizure of Port Arthur by Russia without effective protest, and the assumption of the throne by the Dowager Empress. He calls attention, as Mr. Walton did also, to the patent fact that the interests of the British in China are of vastly more consequence than those in South Africa, and that present preoccupation with the sturdy burghers is likely to result in a tremendous future loss in the East presumably a part of the price which President Krueger said England would have to pay for South African subjugation.

"The Story of China," by Mr. Neville P. Edwards, seems intended for the consumption of British jingoes exclusively. It deals with the question in a flippant and heartless way, setting forth the history of England in China with little regard to the facts involved, and displaying no capacity for dealing with the weighty problems of the hour. It is plentifully illustrated.

The republication, after thirty-four years, of Mr. Freeman-Mitford's "The Attaché at Peking" is important for the curious proof it affords that history repeats itself, and quite as much so for the preface just added to the book, which contains all the suggestions of experience and a point of view that is quite the author's own. He justifies the use of opium in a pipe, and quotes authorities in proof of its harmlessness; he sets forth the virtues of the Jesuit missionaries in China with rare dispassion; and he proposes, as one step toward a settlement, that the capital be removed to Nanking, which enjoyed that honor during the fifteenth century. The entire book is informing and readable; but the flying bats printed in gold upon its covers are a poor symbol of its general freedom from prejudice.

For an American reader, the most informing and satisfactory work of all is Mr. Chester Holcombe's "The Real Chinese Question." The author has had thirty years' experience in the Empire, half of it spent in an official connection with the American Legation at Peking and half in furthering various financial and commercial projects among the Chinese. Strange to say, after this wide experience he rather admires the people instead of hating them, and his book comes nearer disinterestedness than any of its fellows. The one important question before the world to-day in respect of China, he believes, is the conservation of the integrity of the Chinese government, a position in which he coin

cides with Sir Robert Hart's recently expressed views. To this end he proposes three reforms, which seem to possess a degree of practicality that is absent from most other suggestions. He would (first) have an imperial standard of weights and measures enforced by the Chinese themselves, presumably as a step toward securing justice in (secondly) paying the Chinese officials an adequate salary with consequent inhibition of existing schemes for extortion, followed (thirdly) by denying official position to all persons found to be addicted to the opium habit, holding here, with Doctor Condit, that the opium-user is certain to become a moral alien, unable to distinguish between right and wrong. Throughout his interesting work, Mr. Holcombe never loses sight of the Chinese point of view, and has no hesitancy in laying bare to his readers' gaze some of the numerous infamies which Christian governments and their people have practised upon the government and people of the Flowery Kingdom.

Yet, at best, the ten books here reviewed leave little hope of a future which will make for the world's peace or for the continued prosperity of the Caucasian race as the conservator of high ethical ideals. Might, not right, sits in the high places, and the possible adoption by peaceful China of the militarism of Europe and the "land hunger" of America is indeed a "Yellow Peril" whose menace no one may now foretell.

More chapters of England's naval history.

WALLACE RICE.

BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.

Mr. Julian Corbett's study of the Tudor navy is brought to a close in a work on "The Successors of Drake" (Longmans). This volume carries the reader through the period of hostilities with Spain which extended from the death of Drake in 1596 to the conclusion of the war at the accession of James I. For the most part, political histories of England do not expand the events of these years; for with the defeat of the Armada the British navy achieved its greatest glory and is supposed to have crushed Spanish sea-power. With Drake's disappearance from the stage, much of the picturesque in English naval action is lost. Mr. Corbett's more thorough examination into the history of this period leads him to believe that the famous sea-fight, far from being a crowning victory, was but a prelude to more serious contests, and that it required ten more years to so strengthen the British navy that Philip would admit his inability to crush England. The dying Spanish king advised his son to make peace, but both king and nation were reluctant, and with the final peace Spain yielded nothing of the West Indian trade. These years were years of change and great development in maritime methods. The dash and recklessness of the earlier leaders, their strange mixture of puritanism and piracy, gave

way to a business-like system of making war for definite objects. Technical knowledge came to be regarded as essential for the command of ships. The result was ultimately a navy more powerful than any Spain could produce, acknowledging but one rival, the Dutch. Thus, while the romance of war departed with Drake, it was in the years that followed that a permanent British sea-power was created. History, says Mr. Corbett, has not justly appreciated the importance of this latter period. Still, the present volume treats of some characters and episodes surely picturesque, if not heroic. Essex and Raleigh strove to emulate the brilliant exploits of Drake and Hawkins, and in the capture of Cadiz came near the mark. Essex, indeed, until political intrigue had sapped his influence and exhausted his patience, is presented as a man of unusual attainments, and one unfairly treated by historians. Raleigh, on the other hand, has been over-estimated by writers. Secure in the Queen's favor, important commands were given him; and these, together with his charming writings, served to give him an undeserved reputation for naval wisdom. That men of the Elizabethan period were fully conscious of the power of the press, is seen in the fact that both Essex and Raleigh, upon the capture of Cadiz, sent off post-haste to London a private messenger with a full account of the exploit, written for personal glory. Each hero wished to rush into print; but the shrewd Cecil captured and suppressed both messages, and issued only the official account of Lord Howard. Mr. Corbett has produced a scholarly work. Research and discrimination are evident throughout. Extreme detail prohibits popularity in a sense, as does also the necessarily technical character of much of the work; yet there are many pages of brilliant description and of illuminating analysis.

A builder of Greater Britain.

"The Builders of Greater Britain " series (Longmans) is brought to a conclusion in the publication of a volume on Sir Stamford Raffles by Mr. Hugh E. Egerton. The book is unmistakably the best of the series in literary workmanship and in biographical style, though not in intrinsic interest. Sir Stamford Raffles was a poor boy who, by sheer hard work, fought his way up to a position of confidence in the home office of the East India Company. In 1805 he was sent to Prince of Wales Island, and subsequently served in Java, Sumatra, and Singapore, in important capacities. He was responsible for the English exploitation of Singapore as a check upon Dutch influence in the East, and it is mainly for this service that he is included in the present series. Yet this was not his only claim upon public recognition, for he was endowed in an unusual degree with the qualities which have created British empire. He was hampered by instructions from England, yet, assuming the independence to act and to refer afterwards, he succeeded in executing his own designs without coming into immediate

collision with the home office. Fortunately for England, Raffles was but one of a host of agents who, overstepping the limits set by central authority, effected permanent improvement and expansion. Mr. Egerton asserts that Raffles was a conscious philanthropic expansionist, that a desire to better native conditions went hand in hand with business administration, and that his term of office was marked by decided improvement in native life. This actual betterment was undeniably achieved; nevertheless it is not difficult to see that to Raffles's mind England's foreign power, the Company's finances, and native improvement, held importance in the order stated. Nor did he disdain to use all the accustomed methods of doubtful intrigue to secure the submission of native princes. Thus after a successful war, begun in intrigue, he wrote: “A population of not less than a million has been wrested from the tyranny and oppression of an independent, ignorant, and cruel Prince, and a country yielding to none on earth in fertility and cultivation, affording a revenue of not less than a million of Spanish dollars in the year, placed at our disposal." Raffles was never idle; he worked hard, aged early, and died in retirement in England at forty-six, July 5, 1826. He is an excellent illustration of the energetic colonial administrator, honest and upright in his motives, and in action as humane as to him the circumstances warranted.

Two books on the American Soldier.

The inbred sentiment that moves most of us to view with a jealous eye the military branch of the federal public service has undoubtedly wrought some injustice, in that it has prevented due recognition of the fine soldierly qualities, the unswerving good citizenship, the arduous services in the policing and opening up to the settler of our far western domain, of our regular army; and we therefore gladly commend to all American readers, as an excellent historical sketch and a temperate though feeling and forcible plea for a body of men who deserve exceptionally well of their country, the little book wherein General George A. Forsyth, a gallant soldier and an attractive, virile writer, tells "The Story of the Soldier" (Appleton). General Forsyth's story of the growth as an establishment of the army, and of its more signal exploits in the field, is necessarily an outline sketch, but it is graphic, vigorously drawn, and based on wide experience. Its aim is to give the reader a correct idea of the soldier of the United States army as he really is. The volume opens with an account of the inception of the army, its raison d'être, and the sources whence its officers are commissioned. A chapter is devoted to the characteristics and development of the soldier his surroundings, perquisites, and pay. To readers with a taste for adventure the chapters on the various campaigns in our chronic Indian wars will prove satisfying. There are a half-dozen striking illustrations by Mr. R. F. Zogbaum. - The pen of General Forsyth and the pencil of Mr. Zogbaum