Diocletian's and Maximian's,
ented under the empire, iii.

etter to Jesus Christ, iii. 151
wanderings traced, i. 61;
of the four confederate kings,

and Ab-raham, significations of,

battle of, iii. 622

c school of philosophy, ii. 128
ix, i. 357

league, rise of, ii. 113; the first
opment of federalism, i. 328
enidæ, dynasty of, i. 267

Roman province of, ii. 518

n, plan of, iii. 293; description of
battle, 295; effects of the victory on
e laws, languages, manners, and in-
tutions of Europe, 296; the epoch of
e fall of the Republic, ib.

na, war with Athens, i. 40; sea-fight
ff, 461

kinetan standard of weights and mea-
sures, i. 331

ginetans, Medism of the, i. 384

Emilius Paulus Macedonicus (L.), cha-
racter of, ii. 507; triumph and death,
515

Eneas's landing place near Carthage, ii.
367; and Evander, source of the legends
of, 169

Equians finally subdued, ii. 299; and
Volscians, wars of Rome with, 259
Eschines, character of, ii. 23
Eschylus at Marathon, i. 387; the real

founder of tragedy, 475; a combatant at
Salamis, ib.; defeated by Sophocles,
476

Aëtius, general of Valentinian III., iii.
736; kills Bonifacius in a duel, ib. ;
protects Italy from the Vandals, Bur-
gundians, and Goths, 742; commands
the Roman army in the victory of Châ-
lons, 743; sole defender of the empire,
744; victim of the jealousy of Valen-
tinian, ib.

Etolia, i. 357

Etolian league, ii. 115

Afranius (L.), successor of Terence, ii. 568

Africa, circumnavigation of, i. 133; map,
illustrating Roman campaigns in, ii.
359; (central), ancient knowledge of,
399; Roman province of, 533; the name
unknown to the early Greeks, ib.
Africa, Vicar of, iii. 708; conquered by
the Vandals, 736; Vandal kingdom of,
737
Agathocles, autocrat of Syracuse, ii. 119;
war with the Carthaginians, 120; mas-
sacre of the citizens of Gela, ib.; in-
vades Africa, 121

Ager publicus explained, ii. 187, iii. 10
Ager Romanus, the original, ii. 187
Agesilaus, expeditions of, i. 538
Agglutination in the formation of lan-
guages, i. 54

Agis declares war against Antipater, ii. 94;
his defeat and death, 95
Agis IV., reforms of, ii. 116
Agrarian laws, misapprehension concerning,
ii. 236; law of Flaminius, 419
Agricola's conquest of Britain, iii. 470; h's
seven campaigns, 473; erects forts from
the Tyne to Solway Firth, ib.; between
the Firths of Clyde and Forth, ib.;
recalled by Domitian, 474

Agrippa Postumus murdered, iii. 325
Agrippa (M. Vipsanius), character of, iii.
266; dileship, 289

Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, iii. 370
Agrippina (mother of Nero), murder of, iii.
415; her last words, ib.
Ahasuerus identified with Xerxes, i. 431,
iii. 154

Akiba (Rabbi), legends concerning, iii. 585
Alani, Scythian mountaineers, iii. 518,

738; with the Vandals in Spain, 734
Alaric, accession of, iii. 723; wastes the
whole of Greece, 730; appointed Duke
of Illyricum by Arcadius, ib.; lays siege
to Rome, 733; accepts a ransom, ib. ;
made master-general of the western
armies, ib.; his death, 734; buried
beneath the bed of the Basentius, ib.
Alban lake drained, ii. 256

Alban (St.), a pagan of Verulamium, tra-
dition respecting, iii. 678; the proto-
martyr of England, ib.

Albinus (L.), piety of, ii. 267

Albinus (A.), capitulation of, iii. 55
Albinus, governor of Judæa, iii. 559
Alcæus, the poet, i. 342; and Sappho, 371
Alchemy, history of, iii. 658

Alcibiades, character of, i. 512; relation-
ship to Pericles, 513; "a lion's whelp
in the city," ib.; intercourse with
Socrates, ib.; twice crowned at the
Olympic games, 515; condemned to
death, 520; goes to Lacedæmon, ib.;
short-lived popularity at Sparta, 525;
recalled to Athens, 527; triumphant re-
turn, 528; second exile of, 530; death,
532

Alemæonid (the), accursed, i. 489; and
Cylon, i. 345

Alemanni, origin of the name, iii. 624;
advance to Ravenna, ib.; defeated by
Aurelian, ib., 634

Alexander Egus, son of Alexander and
Roxana, ii. 84; Alexander Ægus and
Roxana murdered by Cassander, ii. 83
Alexander the Great, his birth on the day
of the burning of the temple of Diana at
Ephesus, ii. 10; fiery courage at Cha-
ronea, 29; his character thoroughly bar-
barian, 33; fondness for the Iliad, ib. ;
distinguished from Pisistratus and Cæsar,
34; oriental character of his despotism,
ib.; probably implicated in the murder
of his father, 35; recognised as the head
of the Greek nation, 36; appointed
generalissimo for the Persian war, ib. ;
estimate of his force for invading Asia,

45;
hurls his spear to the Asiatic shore,
47; his personal prowess, 49; confi-
dence in his physician Philip, 54; de-
struction of the Persian army, 56; treat-
ment of the mother and wife of Darius,

57;
takes Damascus, ib.; letter from
Darius and answer, 58; cruelty, in
imitation of Achilles, 60; conquest of
Egypt, 61; visits Jerusalem, ib.; son of
Jupiter Ammon, 62; founds Alexandria,
ib.; passage of the Euphrates and Tigris,
63; consummate generalship, 65; cap-
tures Persepolis, 67; policy of treating
the orientals as subjects, ib. ; never re-
visits the countries west of the Eu-
phrates, 68; pursuit of Bessus, 69;
barbarian elements in his character de-
veloped, 70; passes the Indian Cauca-
sus, 71; cruelty to Bessus, ib. ; murders
Clitus, 73; hatred of citizenship and
free speech, 74; march through Cabul,
ib.; at the Hyphasis, 75; conquest of
Porus, ib.; refusal of his troops to pro-
ceed further, ib.; erects altars at the
Hyphasis, 76; instance of his daring
courage, ib; voyage down the Indus, ib.;
march through the desert of Gedrosia,
77; self-denial, ib.; assumes the state
of the Great King, 78; return to Baby-
lon, 79; warning of the Chaldæan sooth-
sayers, ib.; vast projects, ib.; brought

Alexander the Great-continued.

the East within the sphere of civilisation,
81; his dying words and death, 82, and
i. 240; funeral obsequies, ii. 83; divi-
sion of the provinces among his generals,
ib.; his surviving relations murdered,
88.
Alexander of Epirus, Roman alliance with,
ii. 289; defeated at Pandosia, 290
Alexander Severus, character of, iii. 610;
death, 614

Alexandra, queen of Judæa, iii. 174
Alexandria, founded by Alexander, ii.
62; decrease of its population, iii. 629
Alexandrine war of Caesar, iii. 241
Allectus assumes the purple in Britain, iii.
657; defeated by Asclepiodotus, ib.;
killed in a battle near London, ib.
Allia, battle of the, ii. 265
Allied states, their relation to Rome, ii.
330

Allies (Roman), revolt of the, iii. 89; en-
franchised, 93

Alp, meaning of the word, ii. 133
Alphabets, Attic and Ionic, i. 533
Alva's cruelties in the Netherlands, iii.
677

Alyattes, King of Lydia, i, 257; description
of his tomb, ib.

Amasis, reign of, i. 135; details of bis
private lite, 136; and Polycrates, 137
Amazig dialects, ii. 389

Ambition, origin of the word, ii. 563
Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, iii. 725; his
struggle with the Arians, 726; his
"pious fraud," ib.; imposes public
penance on Theodosius, 727
American race, its chief existing type, i.
57

Ammianus Marcellinus, the historian, iii.
717

Amphictyonic council, i. 328; its constitu-
tion, ii. 11

Amphictyonies of Greece, i. 328
Amphipolis, war of, i. 510

Amycle, more taciturn than," i. 336
Anacreon of Teos, i. 371

Ananel, high-priest of the Jews, iii. 532
Ananus, high-priest in the war with the
Romans, iii. 565

Anaxagoras prosecuted for atheism, i. 484
Anaximander, one of the earliest Greek
prose writers, i. 373
Anaximenes refers the origin of the universe
to air, i. 373

Ancient history, deposition of the last
Augustus at Rome the close of, iii. 720
Ancus Martius, ii. 182

Ancyra, monument of, iii. 355
Andalusia Vandalusia, derives its name
from the Vandals, iii. 734

Andes, the native place of Virgil, iii. 280
Andronicus, Livius, ii. 568
Andro-sphinxes, i. 135

Angles, wide diffusion of the, iii. 339

Annalis (lex), ii. 554

Annus confusionis, iii. 250
Antalcidas, digraceful peace of, i. 549
Anthemius, emperor of the West, iii. 745
Anticatones of Cæsar, iii. 247

Antigonus, Alexander's ablest general, ii.
83 and 86; anecdote of, 87
Antigonus Gonatas, ii. 111

Antigonus, ruler of Judæa, iii. 180; exe-
cuted by order of Antony, 181
Antioch founded, ii. 90; earthquake at, iii.
497; Christian church of, 552
Antiochus Soter, ii. 90

Antiochus the Great, ii. 91; war of Rome
with, 489; his exploits, 491; prepara-
tions for war, 493; defeated at Thermo-
pylæ, 495

Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, his persecution
of the Jews, ii. 91; curbed by the
Romans, 510; called "Epimanes," iii.
150; character by Dr. Milman, 159;
pollution of the temple, 161; horrible
death, 166

Antipater left by Alexander as regent of
Macedonia, ii. 45

Antipater, son of Antipas, iii. 175; procu-
rator of Jerusalem, 179
Antium reduced by the Romans, ii. 323
Antonine Itinerary, iii. 253

Antoninus Pius, his faultless character, iii.
510; vows to put no senator to death,
511; character drawn by Marcus Aure-
lius, 512; declines to extend the boun-
daries of the empire, 513

Antony (Mark), master of the horse to
Cæsar, iii. 243; conduct on the assassi
nation of Cæsar, 263; master of Rome,
265; marries Octavia, 281; defeated in
Parthia, 287; assumes the state of an
oriental monarch, 288; orgies with
Cleopatra at Samos, 290; his will, 291;
divorces Octavia, ib.; description of his
fleet at Actium, 295; suicide and cha-
racter, 299

Apicius, gourmands of the name, iii. 373
Apis (the Egyptian), i. 287

Apollo, weeping statue of the Cumaan, ii.

Araman dialects, eastern and western, i.
51

Aratus, general of the Achaean league, ii.

115

Arbela, battle of, described, ii. 65; enor-
mous number of the slain, 66
Arbogastes, the Frank, usurpation and
suicide of, iii. 729

Arcadia, constitution of, i. 559
Arcadius and Honorius, division of the
empire between, iii. 729

Archdeacon, original meaning of the term,
iii. 693

Archelaus, ethnarch of Judæa, bis cruelties,
iii. 540

Archias, Cicero's oration for, iii. 136
Archilochus of Paros, i. 372

Archimedes, ship built by, ii. 403; defends

Syracuse, 457; mathematical discoveries,
ib.; treatise 'O Yaμμírns, ib.; discovers
the method of determining specific
gravities, 458; ignition by a concave
system of mirrors, ib.; Archimedean
screw, 459; killed at Achradina, 460;
discovery of his tomb by Cicero, ib.
Architects of Athens, chief, i. 471
Architectural terms explained, i. 469
Architecture, its style a test of race, i. 48;
of the Greek heroic ages, 321; compari-
son of classic and romantic, 376; ex-
amples of the perfection of Greek, 378;
orders, ib.; Byzantine and Gothic,
iii. 620; Roman modifications of Greek,
ib.

Archons, Eponymus, Basileus, and thes
mothetæ, i. 344

Archytas, the philosopher, ii. 307
Ardshir (Artaxerxes), founder of the Sas-

sanid dynasty, iii. 517 and 612; Alex-
ander Severus's victory over, 613
Areius's parody of Homer's praise of
monarchy, iii. 301

Areopagus, senate of the, i. 345

Aretas's war against Herod Antipas, iii.
549; seizes Damascus, ib.
Arginusæ, Athenian victory at, i. 530
Argonautic expedition, i. 315

Argos under Pheidon, i. 331

Arian controversy, iii. 690; reduced to the
addition of one letter to a word, 695
Arion, story of, i. 341

Aristagoras, revolt of, i. 382

Aristides, ostracism of, i. 355; character,
402; death, 450; and Themistocles
contrasted, 448

Aristobulus I., atrocities of, iii. 173
Aristobulus II., king of Judæa, iii. 175
Aristocracy, Roman, ii. 555

Aristodemus devotes his daughter to death,
i. 336

Aristodemus, the one survivor of Thermo-
pylæ, his disgrace and glorious death, i,
418
Aristomenes, leader of the Messenians, i.
336

Aristonicus, war with, ii. 551
Aristophanes, i. 476; masterly criticism
of the tragedians in the "Frogs," 530;
his influence and value misunderstood,
505; beauties of, ib.; the "Knights,"
506

Aristotle's tuition of Alexander, ii. 33
Arius, heresy of, iii. 690; embodied his
doctrines in songs, ib. ; his condemna-
tion, 695; anathematised by the Coun-
cil of Nice, ib.; banished to Illyricum,
ib.

Ark's (the), adaptation to its use explained,
i. 24

Armada (Spanish), effects of its destruction
on the liberties of the world, i. 429
Armenia, distribution of the human race
from, i. 37; religion and government,
iii. 144; Proper and Minor, ib.; its
acme under Tigranes, 145; becomes a
Roman province, 198

Arminius, a Latin form of Hermann, iii.

350; organises a conspiracy against
Rome, ib.; interview with his brother,
365; murdered, 368; the liberator of
Germany, ib.; divine honours paid to
him for centuries, ib.; traces of his
worship among the Angles, ib.
Armoric, meaning of, iii. 216
Arnold's (Dr.) observation on Sp. Cassius,
ii. 234

Arpinum, birthplace of Marius and Cicero,
iii. 60

Arretium, Romans defeated at, ii. 305
Arsaces, founder of the Parthian empire
on the Tigris, ii. 412

Art, perfect works of Greek, i. 376;
(Grecian), origin and growth of, 377
Artaxata, Lucullus's victory at, i. 146
Artemis at Ephesus, burning of her temple,
ii. 10

Artemisia, queen of Caria, i. 277; her
advice to Xerxes, i. 422

Asculum, victory of Pyrrhus at, ii. 317
Arya noble, i. 259

Aryan family of languages, table of, i.

43

Aryans, seat of the, i. 37; meaning of the
appellation, ib.; the name given to the
Medes by Herodotus, 246; their first
appearance in history, 259

Assidæans, sect of the, iii. 164; the parents
of the Pharisaic sect, 172
Ashmon, the Punic Esculapius, ii. 384
Ashtoreth, the Phoenician queen of heaven,
ii. 383

Asia, Greek colonies in, i. 325; its gains
from Alexander's conquest, ii. 43;
Roman province of, 552

Asia Minor in a physical and ethnical point
of view, i. 251

Asiatic despotisms, reflections on the great,
i. 297

Asinius Gallus, Tiberius's vengeance on,
iii. 361

Asmonan (princes), origin of the name,
iii. 164; kingdom, 173; end of the
dynasty, 181

Aspasia's constancy to Pericles, i. 491
Assyria, extension of the name, i. 212;
two great periods in its history, 214;
its relation to the Holy Land, 218;
Egyptian influence on the arts of, 221;
rapid decline of, 223

Assyrian monarchy, the great, i. 212;
sculptures, their characteristics, 217;
civilization, 227

Astarte or Ashtoreth, worship of, ii. 354;
abominations of her worship, 384
Astrologers and soothsayers banished from
Rome, iii. 289
Astyages, reign of, i. 259
Atellanæ fabulæ, ii. 334
Athanasian creed, not found among Atha-

nasius's writings, iii. 714; probably a
production of the fifth century, ib.
Athanasius, anecdote of his boyhood, iii.
693; succeeds Alexander as Bishop of
Alexandria, ib. ; a Copt, or pure Egyp
tian, ib.; an archdeacon, at the Council
of Nice, ib.; banished by Constantine,
713; driven from his see by force, ib. ;
successive depositions and restorations,
ib.; Athanasius contra mundum, 714
Athaulf (or Adolphus), the Goth, a Ro-
man general, iii. 734

Athena contends with Poseidon, i. 343
Athenagoras the apologist, iii. 597
Athenion, leader in the servile war, iii. 79
Athens, intellectual supremacy of, i. 343;
legislation of Solon, 345; compelled to
become a maritime power, 401; aban-
donment of, before Xerxes, 409; de-
stroyed by him, 421; fortification of,
445; its maritime empire, 457; great-
ness at the most brilliant period of its
history, 464; the centre of the intel-
lectual life of Greece, 466; map of its
environs, 468; its condition in the age
of Pericles, 484; surrendered to the
Spartans, 531; demolition of the fortiti-
cations, ib.; the university of the world,
532; restoration of the democracy, 534;
revolts to Mithridates, iii. 108; capture
and massacre by Sulla, 109; renovated
by Hadrian, 506; named Hadrianopolis,
ib.

Athens, harbours of, i. 423

Athens and Sparta, commencement of their

rivalry, i. 355; defiance of Darius, 33
Athenian classes according to wealth, the
four, i. 348; taxation, ib.; monuments,
modern misplaced copies of, 469; sculp
tures in the British Museum, 476
Athenians at Marathon the champions of
the world, i. 396; their personal and
political profligacy, 485; th ir disas
trous retreat from Syracuse, 523
Athos cut through by Xerxes, i. 404
Atlantis, Plato's legend of, ii. 358