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aged sire, Henry was everywhere worsted. The French
and Richard appeared before Le Mans, where Henry
In defence the king set fire to the suburbs, but
this did not prevent Richard from storming the town,
and penetrating into it as his father fled from the oppo-
site gate.
The conqueror immediately laid siege to
Tours, where Henry had but sixty-nine knights and a
hundred sergeants for garrison. This, too, was carried
by assault, and Henry had but to yield to the hard
terms imposed upon him by his son and by France. The
latter obtained the cession of all Berry and Auvergne.
Henry engaged to pardon all those of his kingdom who
had joined his enemies. For the execution of this con-
dition it was necessary that the king should be provided
with a list of those who had joined the King of France
and Richard against him. The first name upon that list
was his son John, for whose sake Henry had engaged in
the war. This was too much for Henry, who retired to
Chinon to die, cursing his son as he expired. Richard
came to visit the remains of his father: blood is said to
have flowed from the nostrils of the royal corpse at his
presence.

In the summer of 1190, Philip Augustus, after paying his devotions to the shrines and relics at St. Denis, proceeded southward on what is known as the Third Crusade. The guardianship of the kingdom he left to his mother and to her brother the Archbishop of Rheims. But the monarch took especial care that they should not abuse their powers nor excite discontent amongst his subjects. Well knowing the clamour for commercial or municipal rights, Philip sought to leave his townsfolk no cause of complaint. He therefore ordained that his baillis should choose four loyal and wise citizens from each prevoté—that is, each town; that the affairs of towns should be discussed and decided by their counsel; and that nothing should be done without the consent of at least two of their number. In Paris

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CHAP. there were to be six of these town counsellors. The bailiffs were to hold assizes every month. And every four months a court of appeal and council were to assemble in Paris under the presidency of the queen or the Archbishop of Rheims. At this all the bailiffs from different parts of the kingdom were to appear, to render an account of their administration. The king reserved to himself the right of removing these magistrates, except when they had been guilty of either murder, rape, or treason. Churches were to have full freedom of electing their prelates. The royal revenues, brought to Paris three times a year, were to be given into the hands of the citizens appointed for the purpose. If any of these died, it was not for the Regency but for William de Garlande, no doubt a kind of finance minister, to name their successors. From this testament, as it was called, it will be seen that, although towns under the immediate rule of the King of France may not have had a municipal charter, and that although the assemblies of barons and notables in parliament scarcely existed, nevertheless Philip Augustus at least was anxious to secure to French citizens a certain control over their affairs, and to his subjects fair and not feudal justice.

As in the former crusade, the emperor, at the head of the German chivalry, now took the lead by traversing Asia Minor. Barbarossa was more fortunate than Conrad in forcing his way across that country. But he did so, merely to perish when bathing in the waters of the Cydnus. The kings of France and England proceeded to Lyons, which still was a comparatively free city of the empire, the suburbs westward of the Soane alone owning French jurisdiction. Philip Augustus crossed the Alps to take ship at Genoa. Richard descended to Marseille. Both monarchs met and united at Messina. The place was ill chosen; for Richard had cause of complaint against Tancred, King of Sicily, and he, as usual, had recourse to violence. He took Messina by

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storm, and hoisted his flag upon the ramparts, to the CHAP. annoyance of Philip. Richard too proposed to marry Berengaria of Navarre in lieu of Philip's sister, Alix, to whom he had been betrothed. He gave, however, good reason for his conduct, and Philip consented to it. The monarchs agreed at the same time that if either of them had male issue, and not the other, the prince should inherit the Norman Vexin. And if Richard had two sons, one of them should hold Normandy or Aquitaine, or Maine and Anjou, directly of the King of France, his brother having the rest.

The two kings met again under the walls of Acre, which it was one object of the crusade to take from Saladin. Richard fell ill, and Philip, anxious to reduce Acre without him, rushed to the assault. It was not successful. But at length, owing in no small degree to Richard's prowess, Acre surrendered, on condition. that Saladin was to ransom the prisoners, and restore the wood of the true cross. With the capture of Acre Philip had enough of crusading. He was outshone by Richard, who had a greater command of money as of fame. And the French king embarked, to the great chagrin of his compatriots, whom he left under the command of the Duke of Burgundy. He swore at his departure to respect the dominions of Richard. But his first act on reaching Europe was to crave from Pope Celestin to be released from so inconvenient a promise. Saladin had just liberated the King of Jerusalem upon his taking a similar oath, which the Pope without any hesitation annulled. He was not so indulgent to Philip, who, however, was ingenious enough to invent another mode of dispensation.

Philip pretended and gave out, that Richard had employed some of the Syrian sect of assassins to murder him, having already employed them to kill the Marquis of Montferrat. He in consequence surrounded his person with guards, and sent to offer John to secure his

CHAP. succession to the dominions of his brother.

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The next heir to them was Arthur, the son of Geoffrey. John therefore listened to the suggestions of the King of France, and even repaired to his court, previous to the latter invading Normandy. Such an act of aggression upon a monarch engaged in the crusade, and whom Philip had taken a solemn oath not to injure, might awaken the indignation of the Church and the disgust of his own people. Philip, to set himself right and prove his piety, ordered the murder of a number of unfortunate Jews.

Whilst engaged in these hostilities word was brought that Richard, after a brilliant victory over Saladin, rendered useless by the refusal of the French to aid him in the occupation of Jerusalem, had returned to Europe. Fearing the enmity of the King of France, he took his way in disguise through Germany, and had thus become the prisoner of the Duke of Austria, to whom he had been rude when in Palestine. The duke made over his prisoner to the emperor, Henry the Sixth, who informed the King of France, and received in answer the hope expressed, that Richard should never be set free. Philip forthwith invaded Normandy, took Evreux, but was repulsed from Rouen. In the midst of these preparations the German emperor, having received Richard's ransom from Queen Eleanor, was compelled to release him, and communicated to Philip the fact of " the devil having broke loose." Richard lost no time in taking vengeance. His brother John quailed before him, and sought to pacify his lion-hearted brother by giving up Evreux and delivering its French garrison to slaughter.

War broke out between the monarchs, but the resources of both were exhausted by the crusade, and Richard's, moreover, by the enormity of his ransom. Philip was obliged to derogate from his usual defence of the clergy. Hearing, says Rigord, that the English king had expelled the clerics of St. Martin of Tours, he

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did the same by churchmen in English jurisdiction, CHAP. appropriating their revenues, and loading with heavy exactions the churches of his own kingdom-"The kings, his predecessors, he declared, unable to pay their knights through poverty, had lost the greater part of their estates." The same feeling, that money was the best sinew of war, made Philip about the same time recall the Jews, a measure equally odious to the clergy as their own spoliation.

There were other reasons than avarice for this disaffection of Philip Augustus to the Church. On the death of his first wife, Elizabeth, who had given him a son (Louis), the king had espoused Ingeburge of Denmark. But taking a sudden and unaccountable dislike to his new spouse, he obtained a divorce from an assembly of clergy and nobles at Compiegne. On the Sovereign of Denmark appealing to the Pope, Celestin the Third fulminated bulls against the French king, and forbade him to enter into another marriage; he notwithstanding espoused, in 1196, Mary of Meran, Princess of the Tyrol. He in consequence was excommunicated and remained in hostility with the Pope until the beginning of the next century; the circumstance seriously crippling his power, though not leading to the dangerous consequences that befell German monarchs in a similar predicament.

The continuation of the war between Philip and Richard, which endured nearly to the time of the latter's death in 1199, was marked by no great military or political event. Its annals afford but one or two anecdotes. Philip on one occasion escaped with difficulty over the river Epte, leaving most of his knights. to be captured in its waters. On another occasion, Prince John, with a band of Brabançons, advanced pillaging to the very gates of Beauvais. The bishops and the archdeacons armed, and put themselves at the head of the citizens to repel the plunderers. It was a gallant

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