letters 1912, 283-284; Cambon- Grey conversations, 285-288; Grey's speech in Commons Aug. 3, 288-292, 345-352; coöperative dis- position of Anglo-French fleets, 498; extent to which England bound to aid France, 527. Anglo-German agreement (see also Anglo-German relations): Asquith remarks, 282 n; obstacle to, 511 n. Anglo-German conflict: was not inevitable, 488 n. Anglo-German relations: Delbrück predicts war, 560; price of Anglo- German Entente (Delbrück), 561; secret treaty of 1898 relative to the eventual dismemberment of the Portuguese Colonies, refer- ences to, 562-563; colonial devel- opment and removal of conflicting interests (Johnston), 566; com- mercial and economic competition (Rathgen), 567-568; Bethmann- Hollweg's speech in Reichstag regarding, 568-569; Asquith's Cardiff speech concerning, 568. Anglo-Japanese Alliance: 12, 498. Anglo-Russian agreement, concern- ing Persia, 17-18, 498, 546-548. Anglo-Russian Entente: 292 n, 556-
Antwerp: England's intention to use as base, 410.
Apponyi, Count Albert: Criticism of Servia, 588.
Arbitration: suggested by Servia, 64; Sazonof thinks Servia may pro- pose, 201; Germany thinks Grey's conference equivalent to, 208; Saz- onof modified formula, constitutes powers arbitrators, 238 n; obliga- tory, Germany's attitude towards, 503; Biberstein opposes obliga- tory, at Hague, 513; Anglo-Ameri- can treaty, 543; offered by Servia (1914) and Spain (1898), 584. Areopagus: German Chancellor ob-
jects to, 210; a European, 230; judgment of, 272-273.
Armament of Powers: increase of, 35. Asia: agreement of England and Russia concerning their interests in, 546-550.
Asia Minor: 20, 123. Asquith, English Premier: Cardiff
speech, 282 n, 569; statement,
July 31, regarding Russian mobil- ization, 335; the Cabinet crisis, 341-342; 342 n; Shaw on, 356 n; England's Entente policy and Anglo-German agreement, 511- 512, 512 n.
Assassination: see regicide. Associated Press: 365 n; Grey au- thorizes statement (Jan. 27) com- menting on Chancellor's interview with, 406-407, 407 n. Atlantic Monthly: 185–186 n; 275 n; 405 n; 415 n; 488 n. Austria (see also, Austrian ultima- tum Austro-Servian conflict Balkans Conversations - Lo- calization- Mediation - Mobil- ization): obtains administrative control of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878), 7-8; joins with Germany in Dual Alliance (1879), 7-8; 540-541; racial and political ele- ments of, 8, 33; joins with Ger- many and Italy in Triple Alliance (1883), 8; rivalry with Russia in Balkans, 19, 91-94, 96, 147-149; annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908), 20, 30-31, 76 n; Entente powers resent annexation of Bos- nia by, 21, 457, 520; threatened by Servia's increased strength, 29-35, 89, 91 n, 93, 123–124, 127-128, 148-149; "Pig War," 30, 147; designs of, upon Alba- nia, 32, 41; designs on Salonika, 524; Archduke of, assassinated (June 28) 1914, 34, 155; intends war on Servia (1913) with Ger- many's consent, 35; presents ul- timatum to Servia (July 23), 1914, 36-37; prepares public for ultimatum through press, 44–45 n, 46-47 n, 50, 74-75 n, 88-89 n, 92, 156; lays on Russia responsibility for a possible European war, 50- 51; assumes Servia responsible to her alone and not to powers, 52, 61-62 n, 107-108; furnishes Eng- land with special explanation of ultimatum, 56-58; refuses to ex- tend time limit of ultimatum, 61, 234 n; rejects Servia's reply, 65, 78-81; popular feeling in, against Servia, 65, 85, 88 and n, 91-92; rejoinder of, to Servian note, 65– 75; 79; begins military prepara-
tions, not operations, 80-81; urged by powers to accept Servian reply as basis for discussion, 81-83; pur- pose of, regarding Servia, 84-85, 89-95, 97, 101, 104, 105, 106, 128, 139, 153, 154, 223-224; believes Russia will yield (July 26), 468; declares war on Servia (July 28), 85-89, 100; action of, against Ser- via for prestige, 91-92, 107, 213; public opinion of against Russia, 103, 105; shares with Russia con- trol of Balkan matters, 147, 188; hegemony of, in the Balkans, 188- 189; refuses mediation on basis of Servian note, 212; refuses direct conversations with Russia con- cerning Servia, 219-222, 226; assumes a more conciliatory atti- tude, 223-224, 226; exchange of views with Russia, 225-226; did not "bang the door," 226, 231; after rupture Servia must also in- demnize Austria, 234 n, 263; prob- ably not to be satisfied even with Servia's complete acceptance of ultimatum (Grey), 234–235; Saz- onof's remark concerning rupture of conversations by, 243 n; unjust to accuse of dilatory tactics, 251; agrees to mediation, 252-264; Saz- onof emphasizes importance of arresting action against Servia by, 257; considers Grey's proposal for mediation between Austria and Servia, 258; diplomacy of, de- scribed by Viviani, 258-259; might give Servia or power speaking for Servia her terms, 259; agreement with Russia almost in sight, 261, 263; could not be expected to put off attack on Servia (Bunsen), 262; and Russia, agreement of, not in- terrupted by German ultimatum, 263; limits of concessions of, to Russia, 263; Russia could not al- low invasion of Servia by, 264; op- posed to compromise, 266-267 n; attitude of, toward mediation, 271-273; believes England will remain neutral, 274; appeals to England to prevent war, 278; de- clares war on Russia Aug. 5, 350 n; Italy considers action of, against Servia aggressive, 470; to blame for disregarding diplomatic procedure,
483; measures of force justifiable against Servia, 483; threat of, to mobilize as excuse for Russian mobilization, 487 n; responsibility of, for war less than Germany's, 491; claims to use "peace power' towards Servia, 501-502; did pre- cipitate the war? 519; intentions of, concerning Servian independence, 525; action in 1914 compared with action of the United States in 1898, 579, 583-586. Austrian Ambassador at Berlin: see Count Szogyeny. Austrian Ambassador at London: see Mensdorff.
Austrian Ambassador at Paris: see Szecsen.
Austrian Ambassador at St. Peters- burg: see Count Szapary. Austrian Ambassador to United States: see Dumba.
Austrian Councilor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: see Macchio. Austrian General Secretary of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs: see Macchio.
Austrian Minister at Belgrade: see Giesl von Gieslingen. Austrian Minister for Foreign Af- fairs: see Berchtold. Austrian Red Book: substantiates statements in British White Pa- per, v.
Austrian Ultimatum: (see also Austro- Servian conflict - Localization — Servian Note): delivered July 23, 1914, 33-37; secrecy surrounding drafting of, 41-47; tenor of, known by von Tchirsky, 42; did Tchirsky telegraph to Kaiser, 529; foreseen by Servia, 42-43 n, 45, 47-48; ac- tivities of Austrian press preced- ing, 44-45 n; 46-47 and n, 50 n, 74-75 n, 88-89 n, 92, 156; drawn up by Forgach, 42 n; Italy not informed of preparation of, 45, 120-121, 467-468; not communi- cated to England or Russia until day after its communication to Servia, 48, 51, 60; terms not known to Germany, but Germany back of, 119-125, 520-521; as- sumes Servia responsible to Aus- tria alone and not to powers, 52, 61-62 n, 107-108; terms of, 52-53;
text of, 574-576; charges of, against Servia not proved, 53, 98; time limit of, 53-54, 56; diplomatic consensus of opinion regarding, 54-56, 58-59, 64, 70–71 n, 98, 106, 119; effect of, on neutral sympa- thy, 55 n; a démarche with time limit or an ultimatum? 56-58, 86- 87; efforts of powers to secure ex- tension of time limit of, 59-51; Entente powers influence Servia to make conciliatory reply to, 62–64; Servia's reply to, rejected by Aus- tria, 65; correlation of, with Ser- via's reply and Austrian rejoinder, 64-75; sixth demand of, supported by precedent, 72 n, 76 n; Fischer- auer on, 76-77 n; Lloyd George re- marks upon, 586; inevitable mobili- zation following, 186; Berchtold refuses mediation concerning, 212; discussed by Sazonof, 214; pro- posed modification of, 214; Berch- told does not agree to discuss mod- ification of, 255; Berchtold author- izes Schebeko to give explanation about, 257; Sazonof announces readiness of Austria to discuss, 257; Austria agrees to submit terms to mediation (Bunsen), 261; Austria not willing to modify, 263; Servia should have accepted (San Giuliano), 462; not intended to be accepted, 519; affected Servian independence, 525.
Austrian Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: see Forgach. Austro-German Alliance: treaty of Oct. 7, 1879, 540. Austro-Servian conflict: Russia's in- terest in, 96-104; Dumba on, 587. Avarna, Duc d', Italian Ambassador at Vienna: kept in dark about Austrian ultimatum, 45-46, 468. Aviators, French: alleged violation by, of German territory, 173-174 n, 325. Avlona: designs of Italy and Austria on, 32.
Bagdad Railway: 20, 123.
Balance of Power: Dual Alliance helps to effect, 9; reëstablished by Dual Alliance, 15; between En- tente and Albania, effect on peace of Europe, 15; affected not merely
by annexation of territory (Mun- roe Smith), 99 n; reaffirmation of, 276; English policy of, 313–314; displacement of, cause of the war, 476-479; Germany checked by English policy of, 511 n. Belgium and the balance of power (Usher),
Balance of power in Balkans: Aus- trian assurances regarding, 84-85, 97, 101, 139; Russian fears regard- ing, 105-108.
Balkans (see also Bosnia and Herze- govina Bulgaria Servia - Turkey): general concern of Eu- rope, 4, 195-197, 519; Russian and Austrian ambitions in, 19, 91- 94, 96, 147-149, 482; attitude of France and England toward, 21, 29, 31, 147, 195-196, 289, 293-295; bi-partisan control of, 147, 188, 195; Bismarck's policy regarding, 485 n; unite against Turkey, 26- 27; Treaty of London (1913), 27; quarrel over spoils, 28-29; Treaty of Bukharest (1913), 29; how af- fected by Balkan wars, 78; Aus- trian assurances regarding balance of power in, 84-85, 97, 101, 139; Russia's interpretation of Austrian assurances, 105-108, 254 n; Eng- lish position regarding question of, 278.
Balkan Wars: 26-34.
Ballin: criticizes Grey, 354 n Bank of England: 308. Barnardiston, Lieutenant Colonel: 395 ff.; perfidious announcements of, 398.
Barrère, French Ambassador to Italy. Beer, George Louis: answers Dern- burg on Willy-Georgie-Nicky” correspondence, 335 n.
Belgian Documents (see also Anglo- Belgian Conversations): method of publication of, 399 n. Belgian Gray Paper: viii. Belgian Minister at Berlin: see Bey- ens, Greindl.
Belgian Minister at Washington: see Havenith.
Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs: see Davignon. Belgian neutrality (see also Neutrali- zation Neutrality): established (1831) by Concert of Powers, 5-6;
international treaties (1831, 1839, | Belgian Secretary General to Minis-
1870) regulating, 600, 602; re- spected during Franco-Prussian War, 6-7; English position regard- ing, 287; part of Germany's bid for England's neutrality, 297-303, 332 n, 353-354; affects English opinion, 300-301; diplomatic im- portance to England of question of, 313-316, 332 n; Henry James on violation of, 314; England, France, Germany and Belgium regarding, 316-323, 332 n; Eng- land's inquiry relative to, 316- 328; Germany's reason for not stating attitude, 317, 321, 404; Jagow on, 321-322, 362-364; Ger- many's ultimatum and Belgium's reply, 323-328, 361-362; violation of, casus belli for England, 352- 370; violated by Germany (Aug; 4), 362-363; scrap of paper' (Bethmann-Hollweg), 365-366; (David Jayne Hill), 382; Grey's statement (1913) regarding, 401- 402; England's intention of violat- ing, 396-397, 401, 402-405; Grey gives no assurance that France will respect (Delbrück), 405 n; right to defend without appeal from Bel- gium, 405; King Albert's defense of, 407 n; attitude of Holland to- wards defense of, 411; alleged vio- lations of, 415-422; French viola- tions of, 415-422; France not likely to violate, 417-418; right of Belgium to defend, 431-441; Grey calls upon Belgium to defend, 435; and English intervention (Beth- mann-Hollweg), 443-445; did France plan violation of, 520; no evidence of violations of, alleged by Germany, 526; parliamentary debates regarding (text), 615 f. Anglo-Belgian military prepara- tions to defend (text of secret docu- ments), 626; documents published by Germany relative to violation of, by England and Belgium, 631, 634.
Belgian preparations: against Ger- man invasion, effects of, 411-
try of Foreign Affairs: see Elst. Belgian spy system: Barnardiston urges adoption of, 395 n. Belgium (see also Belgian neutrality Belgian resistance mobiliza- tion, Belgian, etc.): Richelieu's proposal regarding, 595; united to Holland by Congress of Vienna (1815), 5; a "buffer" or "stopper" state, 5 n; revolts from Holland (1830), 5; England wishes to main- tain independence of, 5; made per- petually neutral by Concert of Powers (1831), 6; French designs upon, before Franco-Prussian War, 5-6; mobilization of, 310 n; hostile acts of, 317; to maintain neutral- ity, 319-320; relations with Ger- many, 322-323, 409-410; at the Hague Conference, 322, 409; Ger- man ultimatum to, 323-324; an- swers German demands, 326-327; Germany violates, 362-363; mean- ing of Gladstone's statement re- garding, 386; changed conditions, effect on treaty of (1839), 387; obligation of United States to protect, 391; England's plans for the invasion of, 398; warns Ger- man Minister against unauthor- ized conversations, 407-408; Min- ister of, at Washington, transmits statement regarding Anglo-Bel- gian conversations, 407-408; right to defend neutralization, 431-441; and the balance of power (Usher), 597; England's position in regard to (Grey), 620 ff.; Gladstone's let- ter to Bright concerning incorpo- ration of, by France, 624. Belgium, the case of (see also Anglo-
Belgian Conversations): 624-631. Belgium, invasion of: duty of all states to prevent, 390-391; Eng- land's plans for, 398; list of Ger- man excuses, 402; violation of in- ternational law (Bethmann-Holl- weg), 445; France not intending, 448; Germany has another feasible plan, 449; compared to trespass, 452; causes influencing Germany to, 480-481; France intends (Del- brück), 488 n; forced on Germany because of "hostage" policy to- wards France, 488; strategic con-
siderations leading Germany to make (Delbrück), 488 n; why Ger- many provoked England by, 522; not necessary, 522; England's atti- tude towards, 526; popular error concerning, in England and Ger- many, 526; effect upon England, as compared with effect of inva- sion of Holland, 526.
Belgium, King of: see Albert, King of Belgium.
Belgrade: bombardment of, 140, 244; induced to yield by powers, 231; occupation of, 236-239; mediation after occupation of, 236-239. Below-Saleske, von, German Minis- ter at Brussels: announces that Germany will employ force against Belgium, 439.
Benckendorff, Count, Russian Am- bassador at London. Benedetti: proposes partition of Bel- gium, 6; plan of, to incorporate Belgium in France (Gladstone), 624.
Benton, William S.: 76 n. Berchtold, Count, Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs: on Treaty of London (1913), 32 n; tells of Aus- trian démarche, 57; on Servian note, 79; Austrian "prestige en- gaged," 107; instructions of, to German representatives (July 28), 131-132; refuses mediation pro- posal, 212; urges Germany to threaten Russia to arrest mobiliza- tion, 246 n; authorizes Szapary to give explanations about Austrian ultimatum, 257.
Berthelot, of the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs: Germany aims at war (July 27), 161.
Bertie, Sir Francis, English Ambas- sador at Paris. Bethmann-Hollweg, von, German Chancellor: efforts of, to preach peace at Vienna, 114-115; speech of, in Reichstag (Aug. 4), 130 n, 145-146, 173; announces danger of war, 138, 141; tells of Emperor's mediation, 141; counsel to Aus- tria, 233; blames rupture on Rus- sian mobilization, 242; England responsible for war, 278 n; English replies, 278 n, 282 n; policy of, to effect better understanding be-
tween England and Germany, 280-282, 364-366; bids for Eng- land's_neutrality, 297-299, 307; asks French reply on Belgium, 317-318; Belgian neutrality, 321, 416; telegram on French neutral- ity, 329; states Germany's posi- tion regarding Luxemburg, 338; "just for a scrap of paper," 365– 366; Grey's commentary on press interview with, 406-407 n; remark in Reichstag about England and Belgian neutrality (speech Dec. 2), 443; text of speech, 568-569; inva- sion of Belgium, violation of inter- national law, 445; translation of remarks of, concerning necessity, 445-446 n; remarks concerning observance of treaties compared with Bismarck, 453 n; "scrap of paper" remark causes unfavorable impression in U.S., 454 n; remarks on Grey statement of England's intentions toward Belgium, 455 n; England's policy to check Ger- many through balance of power, 511 n. (Speech Dec. 2) England's policy prevents agreement, 568– 569.
Beyens, Belgian Minister at Berlin: disbelief of, regarding Germany's ignorance of Austrian ultimatum, 121; interview with Jagow, 436- 438.
Bieberstein, Baron, Marschall von: diplomacy of, at Constantinople, 20, 22-23 n, 505; opposes obliga- tory arbitration at Hague, 513. Bienvenu-Martin, French Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister of Justice: believes Ger- many is trying to alienate France and Russia, 153-154; sums up situation (July 29), 154–155; on attitude of Germany and Aus- tria (July 27), 160-161; concern- ing French representations at St. Petersburg, 163-164.
Biological test: states favored by, 452. Bipartisan control of Balkan affairs: 195.
Birth control: Germany's view of,
Bismarck: diplomacy regarding pro- posed partition of Belgium, 6; pol- icy of, toward Austria, 7-8; speech
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