land's view of fortification of, 410,
411 n.

Force: use of, 302; should be consid-
ered in political matters, 393; con-
ditions for rightful use of, 394-
395; obligation to observe for-
malities before employing, 454;
measures of, Austria justified in
using, 483; use of, more favorably
considered in Germany, 495; use of
'peace power" to compel respect
for international law, 500; danger
in the use of, 501.

Foreign Legion in Morocco: 18.
Forgach, Count, Austrian Under
Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs: 42-43 n, 44.

Formalities: obligation of states to
observe, 454.

Formula for mediation: efforts to
discover, 229-231.
Fortnightly Review: 413 n.

France (see also Belgian Neutrality
Bienvenu-Martin Mobiliza-
tion - Neutralization, the various
treaties Viviani): wishes to an-
nex Belgium, 5-6; policy toward
Belgium, 6; enters into alliance
with Russia (1891), 8-9; rivalry
with England for Colonial posses-
sions, 11; yields Fashoda to avoid
war with England, 11; enters into
friendly understanding with Eng-
land (1904), 12-13, 283-284; atti-
tude toward Germany on account
of Alsace-Lorraine, 13-15; rela-
tions with Russia undermined by
Japanese war, 16; Anglo-French
understanding in regard to Mo-
rocco confirmed by Algeciras Con-
ference, 17; the Casablanca affair
in Morocco (1908), 18-19; Mo-
roccan protectorate by, recognized
by Germany (1911), 23-24; posi-
tion of, in Morocco resented by
Germany, 35; increases armament,
35; critical internal situation of
(1914), 36; endeavors to secure
extension of time limit, 59-61, 270;
Ambassador of, at St. Petersburg
believes that only firm united
action of Entente can avert war,
59; influences Servia to make con-
ciliatory reply, 62-64, 270; atti-
tude towards Balkan matters,
147-148; asked by Germany to

influence Russia against war, 147-
155; believes Germany intends to
precipitate a war, 155-163; will
support Russia (July 29), 163-
166; military preparations, 166-
174; receives German ultimatum,
174-177; Germany plans to make,
hostage for Russia, 180, 488; mo-
bilization system, 180-181; weak
spots in frontier, 180-181; and
England unable to advise Russia
to submit, 189; French representa-
tives instructed to support British
proposal, 231 n; England refuses
to side with, to prevent war, 273-
282; Germany's bid for England's
neutrality refused by England,
297-303, 348; respects neutrality
of Belgium, 318; England asked to
guarantee neutrality of, 328–336;
assured of England's support in
case of German attack on French
coast, 339-352; neutrality of (Ox-
ford Faculty of Modern History),
336 n; why agreed to neutraliza-
tion of Belgium, 387-388; reasons
why unlikely to violate Belgian
neutrality, 417-418; Germany ac-
cuses, of violating Belgian and
German territory, 419-425; offers
assistance to Belgium to defend
neutrality, 438-439; no intention
to invade Belgium, 448; learns
Italy is likely to maintain an atti-
tude of observation, 468-469; plan
of campaign through Belgium
(Delbrück), 488; did she first cross
frontier, 519; did she influence
Russia for peace, 519-520; peace-
ful intentions of, 520.
Franco-Prussian War: readjustment
of Europe following upon, 7–9.
Franco-Russian Alliance: signed
(1891), 8-9.

Frankischer Kurrier: 325 n.
Franklin: proposal for the immunity
of private property at sea, 503-
504.

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke: active
in annexing Bosnia and Herze-
govina, 20; plans of, for political
reconstruction, 32-33; assassina-
ted (June 28, 1914), 34, 155.
Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria:

34.

Frederick the Great: 503.

Freie Presse: 127.
Fremdenblatt: 46.

French Acting Minister for Foreign
Affairs: see Bienvenu-Martin.
French Ambassador to Austria-
Hungary: see Dumaine.

French Ambassador at Berlin: see
Cambon, Jules.

French Ambassador at Constanti-
nople: see Bompard.

French Ambassador to Italy: see
Barrère.

French Ambassador at London: see
Cambon, Paul.

French Ambassador to Russia: see
Paléologue.

French Chargé d'Affaires at London:
see Fleuriau, de.

French Coast: obligation of England
to protect, 307 n.
French Consul General at Budapest:
see d'Apchier Le Maugin.
French frontier: violation of, 170,
173-174, 286 n.

French Minister at Brussels: see
Klobukowski.

French Minister for Foreign Affairs:
see Delcassé.

French Minister of Justice: see Bien-
venu-Martin.

French Minister to Luxemburg: see
Mollard.

French Minister to Servia: see
Boppe.

French Minister for War (former):
see Messimy.

French Ministry for Foreign Affairs:
see Berthelot.

French Yellow Book: discrepancies
of, vi, 285-286 n.

Friedjung: trial at, 43 n, 125.
Frontier, Franco-German: alleged
violations of, 170, 173-174, 286 n,
325, 386 n.

Fuller, Chief Justice: Terlinden v.
Ames, succession of treaty obliga-
tions, 385 n.

Fullerton, Wm. Morton: Problems of
Power, 562 n.

Galicia: 191.
Gambetta: 15.

Gauvin: date of Austrian mobiliza-

tion, 335-336 n.

George V, King of England: trans-
mits Kaiser's telegram and appeals

to Tsar in interest of peace, 254 n;
Tsar answers that German declar-
ation of war prevents acceptance
of English proposal, 254-255 n;
letter to Poincaré (Aug. 1), 276-
277 n; Kaiser's telegram to, 286;
efforts of, to avoid civil war, 308;
telegram to Kaiser (Aug. 1), 329;
telegram (July 30) to Henry of
Prussia, 330; visit to Paris relative
to Triple Entente, 553-554.
Gerard, American Ambassador to
Germany: 370.

German Ambassador to Italy: see
von Flotow.

German Ambassador at London: see
Lichnowsky.

German Ambassador at Paris: see
Schoen.

German Ambassador at St. Peters-
burg: see Pourtalès.

German Ambassador at Vienna: see
Tchirsky.

German Chancellor: see Bethmann-
Hollweg.

German frontier: violation of, 173,
286 n, 325.

German General Staff, Chief of: see
von Moltke.

German Minister at Brussels: see
Below-Saleske.

German Minister to Luxemburg:
see von Buch.

German Minister of War: see
Heeringen.

German proposal: England will

desert France and Russia if they
reject reasonable, 233.
German Secretary of State for For-
eign Affairs: see Jagow.

German ultimatum to Belgium: 323-
326, 353, 361-362; Belgium's reply
to, 326-328; Germany justifies, by
French intentions and acts, 419-
421.

German ultimatum to France: 174-
177.

German ultimatum to Russia: de-

mands Russian demobilization
within twelve hours, 138-139, 142,
174; followed by declaration of
war on Russia, 142-145; Jagow
refuses to accept Grey formula
until Russia answers, 241-242; not
justified since Russia agrees to
arrest mobilization, 259; signifi-

tion of Austro-Servian conflict
Mobilization, German — Prussia):
gains for Austria administrative
control of Bosnia and Herzegov-
ina (1878), 7-8; joins with Aus-
tria and Italy in Triple Alliance
(1883), 8; joins with Austria in
Dual Alliance (1879), 8; appre-
hension at formation of Anglo-
French Entente, 12; policy to re-
main on good terms with Eng-
land, 13; modifies colonial policy
of Bismarck, 13; interest of, in
maintaining open door in Mo-
rocco and China, 13; sees danger
of French-English plans for Mo-
rocco, 15-16; Moroccan designs of,
thwarted by Algeciras Conference,
17; compels resignation of Del-
cassé, 17; attitude toward France
on account of Alsace-Lorraine, 13-
15; development of, on sea, alarms
England, 17; hemmed in by Triple
Entente, 18; clashes with France
over Casablanca affair in Morocco
(1908), 18-19; joins Austria in be-
friending Turk against Russian
ambitions, 19; Turkish policies of,
threatened by Young Turks
(1908), 20; supports Austria in
annexation of Bosnia and Herze-
govina, 20-21; at Agadir, again
attacks French Moroccan inter-
ests, 22-23; fears Italy will desert
Alliance, 25; new Army Bill neces-
sary after Turkey's dismember-
ment, 27-28, 35; cherishes resent-
ment against France for Morocco,
35; increasing friendly relations of,
with England, 280-282, 304, 364-
366, 560-571; Anglo-German Rela-
tions, 560-571; 'passes on" to
Austria Grey's suggestion regard-
ing time limit of Austrian ultima-
tum, 60-61; view of, regarding Ser-

66

vian note, 79; Servian note not
published in, 80; lacks will to pre-
serve peace, 80; backs Austria, 84,
92,117-118, 123–126, 132, 156-157;
public opinion of, against Russia
and France, 103, 105 n; handi-
capped in mediation between Aus-
tria and Russia by Russian mobili-
zation, 114-115, 523; interest in the
dispute, 117-118; denies previous
knowledge of Austrian ultima-
tum, 119-123, 125; situation with
Russia becomes acute, 133–142;
delivers an ultimatum to Russia,
142-146; asks France to use her
influence with Russia, 147-155;
believed by France to be precipitat-
ing war, 155-163, 490; attitude of,
toward mediation, 158-165, 271-
273; ultimatum of, to France, 174-
277; purpose of, to make France
"hostage" for Russia, 180; pre-
paredness of, 181; did not want
war, 191; believes war inevitable,
191-192; complains of prepara-
tions in France and Russia, 192;
coöperation of, necessary to medi-
ation, 200-201, 216; objects to
mediation, 205 ff.; declines con-
ference, 208-210; warned by Grey
of consequences of supporting
Austria, 211; influence of, on Aus-
tria, 213, 224; discourages direct
conversations, 219; position of, as
Austria's ally, 223-224; Chancel-
lor advises Austria to speak openly,
228; powers consider, alone able to
speak at Vienna, 228; asked to
'press the button," 231-234; in-
consistency regarding mediation,
232; England will desert France
and Russia if they reject reasona-
ble proposal of, 233; Jagow thinks
possible to accept Cambon sugges-
tion if Russia does, 236-237; for-
wards Cambon suggestion to Vi-
enna, 237; refuses to accept Grey
proposal till Russia answers ulti-
matum, 241-242; Kaiser urges
Austria to continue conversations,
242; asks Russia to propose a for-
mula, 242-252; readiness to act as
mediator, 244; cannot allow Rus-
sia to mobilize, 250; by accepting
Grey proposal might have avoided
war, 251; declaration of war forced

regarding Belgium, 386; letter to
Bright concerning Belgium, 624.
Goltz, von der: 20.

Good faith: of Germany, assailed by
the Belgian Government, 400; in
observance of treaties, 453; of
Italy, 460.

Good offices: nature of, 205, 227 n,
244; powers employ at Vienna and
Petersburg, 227-229; King George
appeals to Tsar in interest of
peace, 254 n; Germany recom-
mends to Austria consideration of
English proposal, 254 n; Hague
Convention (Oct. 18, 1907) rela-
tive to, 651.

Goschen, Sir Edward, British Am-
bassador at Berlin: final interviews
in Berlin (Aug. 4), 363-370.
Governments: trustees for human-
ity, 451; responsibility of, easier to
fix in foreign than internal affairs,
492.

Grain: Belgian retention of, bound
to Germany, 421.

Great Britain: see England.
Greater Servia: hope of, 21, 30-31;

secret organizations of, 33-34;
(London Times), 74–75.
Greece: 19, 26-27.

Greindl, Baron, Belgian Minister at
Berlin: aware of English prepar-
ations to invade Belgium, 396 n-
397; necessity of preparations
against England, 398-399; consid-
eration of report of, 399; report of,
evidence of Belgian good faith,
400; Belgian Government explains
meaning of report of, 400 n.
Grey, Sir Edward, English Secretary
for Foreign Affairs: biographical
note, 268 n; responsibility of, 268–
279; Treaty of London, 27; sees
danger of time limit in Austrian
ultimatum, 48, 54, 270; fears war,
51; on Servian note, 79, 83; on
Russian mobilization, 115-116,
186; "Servia a danger to European
peace," 127 n; Austrian ultima-
tum made, powerless to influence
Russia, 189; unable to intervene
for peace, 194; policy of not taking
sides and the preservation of
peace, 194, 273-282, 293–295;
303-307, 354-359 n; proposes con-
ference of the powers, 197-213, |

guarantees France will accept
mediation, 202; urges moderation
at Vienna, 211; warns Germany of
consequences of supporting Aus-
tria, 211; makes official proposal
of mediation, 215-216; approves
direct conversations between Rus-
sia and Austria, 217-218; deplores
European conflict, 217-218; asks
Chancellor's aid, 228–229; plan of
mediation of powers, 231; says
England will support France and
Russia only if they do not reject
reasonable German proposal, 233;
can do nothing in face of Austrian
refusal of mediation, 228, 235;
Germany criticizes, for not pressing
mediation, 235 n; approves Cam-
bon suggestion, 237-238; asks
Russia to change Sazonof formula,
237-238; proposal of, for a collec-
tive guaranty of powers, 239-242;
stumbling-block between Austria
and Russia, 240; Germany refuses
to accept proposal of, till Russia
answers ultimatum, 241-242;
promises to take into account
Germany's unconciliatory atti-
tude, 247-248; Sazonof modifies
formula at request of, 249; accept-
ance of proposal of, might have
avoided war, 251; possibility of
preserving peace if Russia will
arrest mobilization, 258; situation
in which he brought forward his
proposal, 265-266; gives reasons
for failure of peace negotiations,
267; efforts of, to organize media-
tion, 270-273; influence of Eng-
land for peace, list of references,
270 n; refrains from forcing issue,
279-280; encourages Germany to
peaceful concession, 282; letter to
P. Cambon, 1912, and his reply
regarding unprovoked attack by a
third power, 283-284, 290-291,
552-553; account of formation of
Entente, 288, 291; reserves inde-
pendence of action, 294-295; warns
Germany England will not hold
aloof if France is involved, 295-
296; refuses Germany's bid for
English neutrality, 298-303, 332 n,
348; answers Keir Hardie in Par-
liament Aug. 27, 302-303 n, 358-
359 n; attacked by MacDonald,