The History of Modern Europe

1621 He is degraded from his electoral dignity by Ferdinand II.
who assumes the tone of a master in Germany ibid.
Conspiracies for rendering the Spanish branch of the House
of Austria absolute in Italy

Accession of Philip IV.

Ambitious projects of his minister Olivarez

Retrospective view of the affairs of Holland

ibid.

91

ibid.

92

Account of the dispute between Gomar and Arminius ibid.

Execution of the pensionary Barneveldt [A. D. 1619.] 93

Prince Maurice becomes unpopular by attempting to usurp
the sovereignty of the United Provinces

1622 He obliges Spinola to relinquish the siege of Bergen-op-zoom

Distracted state of France under the regency ef Mary of Me-

dicis

ibid.

She is wholly governed by her Italian favourites, Concini

and his wife Galligai

95

ibid.

By them is negociated a marriage between Lewis XIII. and

the infanta, Anne of Austria [A. D. 1612.]

Rise of Luines, the king's favourite

Concini shot. [A. D. 1617.] and his wife Galligai executed 95

Avarice and ambition of Luines

Rise of Cardinal Richelieu [A. D. 1619.]

-

ibid

66

French Protestants have recourse to arms [A, D. 1620.Jibid.

The king and Luines obliged to raise the siege of Montaban

[A. D. 1621.]

Death of the favourite

Peace concluded with the Hugonots

97

ibid.

1624 Cardinal Richelieu negociates a marriage treaty between

Charles prince of Wales, and the Princess Henrietta of

France

Hostilities in the Low Countries

98

ibid.

Difficult situation of Cardinal Richelieu, as prime minister

of France

99

ibid.

1627 The Hugonots shew. a disposition to render themselves

independent

Buckingham, the English minister, induces his master, Charles

I. to undertake the defence of the French Protestants 100

His motives for so doing
ibid.

He fails in an attempt to succour Rochelle, and to reduce

the isle of Rhé

101

Lewis XIII. and his minister Cardinal Richelieu, in person,

form the siege of Rochelle

ibid.

1628 The citizens make a gallant defence, but are at last obliged.

102

to surrender

1629 The duke of Rohan, after a vigorous struggle in Languedoc,

obtains favourable conditions for the Protestants ibid.

They are left in possession of their estates, and the free ex-

ercise of their religion, but deprived of their cautionary

The aggrandisement of the French monarchy to be dated.

from this æra

ibid.

Richelieu resolves to humble the house of Austria, by sup-
porting the Protestants in Germany
Great power of the emperor Ferdinand IL.
He attempts to revive the Imperial jurisdiction in Italy, on
the death of Vincent II. duke of Mantua
He issues an edict, ordering the German Protestants to re-
store all the church lands, which they had held since,the
peace of Passau

ibid.

104

1680 Cardinal Richelieu crosses the Alps, and compels the emperor

to grant the investiture of Mantua and Montferrat to the

duke of Nevers

The Protestant princes remonstrate against the edict of

restitution

ibid.

They form an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus, king of Swe-

den

A retrospective view of the northern kingdoms

4. D.

Page

Early exploits and wise administration of the king of

Sweden.

107

His motives for engaging in the war against the emperor,

Ferdinand II.

His negociations

108

ibid.

Charles I. of England, furnishes him with six thousand
men, and many English and Scottish adventurers flock
to his standard

ibid.

1681 Cardinal Richelieu engages to pay him an annual subsidy 109

The treaty between them a master-piece in politics ibid.

Gustavus enters Germany

ibid.

Defeats the Imperialists, under Count Tilly, near Leipsic.

[Sep. 7.]

110

Is joined by the members of the Evangelical Union, and

makes himself master of the whole country, from the

Elbe to the Rhine

ibid.

1632 Tilly killed in disputing the passage of the Lech [April 5.]111

The king of Sweden is repulsed in attempting to force the

entrenchments of Walstein, the Imperial general, near

Nuremberg [August 24.]

-

ibid.

His retreat is conducted with great ability by Colonel Hep-
burn, a Scottish officer

112

114

ibid.

He gives battle to Walstein, in the plain of Lutzen, and is
killed in the heat of action [November 6.]

Circumstances preceding and attending the battle of Lutzen ibid.

The Swedes are ultimately victorious

Character and anecdotes of Gustavus Adolphus

His daughter Christina, who succeeds him in the throne

of Sweden, only six years old at his death

119

- 121

The Protestant confederacy and the alliance with France

preserved entire, by the great abilities of the Swedish

minister Oxenstiern

1634 Assassination of Walstein

The king of Hungary succeeds him in the command of the

ibid.

Imperial forces

The Swedes and their allies totally routed in the battle of

Nordlingen

1835 The members of the Evangelical Union, thrown into con-
sternation by this defeat, listen to proposals from the
court of Vienna, and sign the peace of Prague 123

Substance of that treaty

ibid.

The weight of the war devolves upon the Swedes and their
French allies

LETTER LXXV.

ibid.

The general View of the European Continent continued from the

Treaty of Prague, in 1635, until the Peace of Westphalia, in

1648.

1635 Vigorous but despotic administration of Cardinal Richelieu

He concludes a new treaty with Oxenstiern, in consequence

of

of which France engages to take an active part in the war

against the Emperor

Five French armies are sent into the field

Their various operations

124

125

ibid.

Keisar Louter taken by the Imperialists under gen. Galas 126

Galas also makes himself master of Vaudervange 127

The French and their allies yet more unfortunate in Italy
and the Low Countries
ibid.

A Spanish army, under Piccolomini and John de Wert,

enters France on the side of Picardy

128

1636 The confederates begin the next campaign with vigour 129

The Imperialists defeated by the Swedes in the battle of

Wislock

1637 Death of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

His son and successor, Ferdinand III. pursues the same

line of policy

1638 The Duke of Saxe-Weymar gains a victory over the Imperialists
near Rhinfeld, and makes himself master of the place ibid.
He reduces Brisac after an obstinate siege
Lewis XIII. forms a scheme of annexing Brisac to the
crown of France

Weymar's gallant reply on being requested to give up his

conquest

-

ibid.

131

Progress of the Swedes under Bannier in Pomerania 132

1639 In Moravia and in Saxony

133

Bannier defeats the Imperialists in Bohemia, and makes

the generals Hofskirk and Montecuculi prisoners ibid.

Death of the Duke of Saxe-Weymar

Disputes in regard to his army

134

ibid.

135

1640 A treaty concluded between France and the Weymarian

officers

Jealousies and dissentions among the generals of the confe-

derates

136

They are repulsed in attempting to force Piccolomini's

camp at Saltzburg

ibid.

137

He compels them to quit the Imperial dominions

The Catalans revolt

The Portuguese throw off the Spanish yoke, and place on the
throne the duke of Braganza, under the name of John IV. ib.

Particulars of that revolution

Indifference of Philip IV. on being told of it

138

139

1641 Ferdinand III. in danger of being made prisoner by the
French and Swedes, under Bannier and Guibrant ibid.

They insult Ratisbon, while he is holding a diet in that city ib.

Congress for a general peace proposed to be held at Muns-

ter and Osnaburg

Regulations relative to the negociations.

The emperor resolves to continue the war

140

ibid.

141

He sends a powerful army into the field, under Piccolomini

and the Archduke Leopold

ibid.

Glorious

Mareschal Guebrient defeats the Imperialists near Wol-

fenbuttle

1642 And afterward in the neighbourhood of Or

143

ibid.

144

He reduces Lintz, Kempen, and other places

The Archduke and Piccolomini fail in an attempt to sur-
prise Tortenson, who had succeeded Bannier in the chief
command of the Swedish forces
ibid.

He passes the Elbe, and gives them battle in the plain of

Breitenfeld

-

145

They are totally defeated, after an obstinate and bloody

ibid.

Cardinal Mazarine succeeds Richelieu in the administration
and pursues the same line of policy

Spanish infantry cut to pieces in the battle of Rocroi ibid.

Negociations at Munster and Osnaburg

149

Tortenson carries war into the duchy of Holstein 150

He penetrates into Jutland, and makes himself master of

many places

1644 Peace between Denmark and Sweden

ibid.

151

Success of the French arms in Germany under Turenne

and Condé

-

ibid.

The Imperialists are defeated in two engagements 152

Ragotski, vaivode of Transylvania, invades Hungary ibid.
The Austrian army in that kingdom ruined at the siege of
Cassovia
ibid.
The Imperial forces in Lower Saxony experience a similar
fate

Tortenson, having now no enemy to oppose him enters

Bohemia

1645 The Emperor leaves Prague and retires to Vienna

Masterly movements of Tortenson

ibid.

153

ibid.

154

He gives the Imperialists battle in the neighbourhood of

ibid.

Thabor, and totally routs them

His rapid progress