in the defense with still more vigor, while Turnus, nothing daunted, prepares to resist the newcomers at their landing.

215, 216. curru Phoebe pulsabat Olympum: see note on III, 512; V, 721.

221. Numen habere maris: 'to have the divinity of the sea'; to possess the divine character or attributes pertaining to sea goddesses.

234. Hanc faciem refecit: has given us this new form.'

238. Iam loca iussa, etc.: we must understand that the Etrurian cavalry have been directed by Aeneas to join the Arcadian cavalry of Pallanteum, and to proceed with them down the bank of the Tiber to some point appointed by him (loca iussa) near the place of his expected disembarkation. We learn from II. 362, 363, below, that this spot was at the junction of some small stream with the Tiber. Turnus will of course aim to prevent the arrival of the allied forces at the Trojan camp. Etrusco singular for plural, Etruscis.

:

239. Medias opponere turmas: 'to interpose his squadrons'; i.e. between the new allies and the camp.

253. ad frena leones: sc. iuncti.

254, 255. propinques Augurium: 'bring near the omen,' or 'the promised event.'

270. capiti: sc. Aeneae.

274. Ille expressed for emphasis, in apposition with ardor. See note on I, 3.

277. praecipere: for occupare; to anticipate them in getting possession of the shore.

⚫ 279. perfringere: to break through' their ranks.

281. referto: 'reproduce'; 'imitate.'

282. Ultro: of our own accord,' without waiting to be attacked first. This word, which occurs often in Virgil, denotes anything 'beyond' what is expected.

283. egressis: dative of reference (nearly equivalent to the genitive of possession) with vestigia, which is subject of labant. H. 425, 4, N.; LM. 538; A. 235, a; B. 188, 1, N.; G. 350, 1.; (H. 384, II, 4, N. 2).

287-361. The ships come to land in safety, excepting that of Tarchon, which is forced upon a sand bank and broken to pieces. Aeneas and his allies on landing are instantly engaged in the conflict.

288, 289. servare - pelagi: 'to watch the retreat of the ebbing sea'; so as to spring upon the beach when the wave had retired.

290. Per remos: others spring to the land by means of oars which they plant with one end in the sand, and thus swing themselves over. Some editors think they slide 'over' the oars.

291. spirant: 'heave' or 'boil.'

292. inoffensum: 'unresisted'; i.e. unbroken by any bold, rocky bank. Tarchon seeks a point where the wave rolls up steadily increasing or spreading (crescenti aestu) to the beach, intending to take advantage of this movement to push his ships far on the land.

295. Tolliterates: lift, push on your ships'; i.e. by a powerful stroke of the oars.

304. fluctus fatigat: refers to the swinging to and fro of the two ends of the ship on the waves before it goes to pieces. The impulse given by the oars, aided by the movement of the water, had driven it partially across the sand bank or ridge (dorso), so that both the forward and the hinder part rock back and forth by the action of the waves for a few moments, and then the hull, in consequence of the strain, breaks in the middle and goes to pieces.

314. haurit: sc. Aeneas as subject.

319. Herculis arma: i.e. the clava. Cf. V, 410.

325. nova gaudia: the new love'; in apposition with Clytium.

334. steterunt: the penult is short.

345. Curibus: from Cures'; with Clausus.

350. Boreae de gente suprema: 'of the lofty race of Boreas.' Cf. VII, 220. 351. Ismara: feminine singular.

362-438. Pallas, the son of Evander, sees the Arcadian cavalry turning their backs, and hastens to rally them to the fight. He sets them an example of heroism, while on the other side Lausus, the son of Mezentius, slays several of the Arcadians, Etruscans, and Trojans.

362. parte ex alia: at that point, namely, where Aeneas had directed the Arcadian and Etruscan cavalry to await his landing. See 1. 238. It seems to have been on the banks of a torrent, rocky and broken, and covered with rolling bowlders and débris left by freshets, -a spot, therefore, unsuited for cavalry movement. Pallas left Aeneas on landing, and hastened to take command of his own portion of the cavalry, which was obliged to dismount on account of the nature of the ground, and fight on foot, acies inferre pedestres.

=

366. quis: quibus; translate as if it were the demonstrative (eis), with quando, 'since,' which connects this parenthetical clause to the foregoing dare terga. Quis alone would have sufficed to indicate the causal relation, but quando is added for greater distinctness, though the construction is anomalous.

378. Deest: here a monosyllable. Troiam the new Troy or camp of the Trojans. Shall we retreat to the water, or cut our way through to the Trojan camp?

383. dabat: the final syllable is long.

384. Quem: Pallas. non super occupat Hisbo: Hisbon does not surprise him from above,' while thus engaged.

385. Ille: Hisbo. See note on ille, I, 3.

394. caput: the final syllable is long.

399. praeter: join with fugientem; flying (along) by him.'

405. optato: = ex voto, according to his wish.'

410. socium: genitive plural.

412. se-arma: he completely covers himself with his shield.

426. perterrita agmina: for agmina perterreri. viri: i.e. Pallas.

432. Extremi-acies: those on the outside or in the rear of the others make the ranks dense by crowding forward into the fight.

439-509. Turnus, warned by his sister Juturna, hastens to the aid of Lau sus and the Latins. He fights and slays Pallas, who is then borne from the field by his friends.

See XII, 138 sqq.

439. soror: the nymph Juturna, sister of Turnus. 444. aequore iusso: from the ground which he had commanded them to leave. The common construction would have been iussi. 448. tyranni: 'of the prince'; Turnus. Cf. VII, 266. 449. spoliis opimis: see note on VI, 841.

458. Ire: historical infinitive.

463. Victorem: sc. me. ferant: endure the sight of.'

466. Genitor: Jupiter. natum: Hercules.

473. reicit: he turns away' his eyes with sorrow from the battle field.

476, 477. tegmina summa:

the top of the covering'; the upper part of the corselet, where it covers the shoulder; here, the left shoulder. The spear having already made its way (viam molita) through the border of the shield, grazed (strinxit) the body of Turnus, but inflicted no serious wound, because of the obstruction afforded both by the shield and corselet, in which it had spent the greater part of its force.

478. de corpore: the spear point just grazed his body.

486. Ille: Pallas.

487. The last syllable of sanguis is here long.

492. meruit: sc. ille (= Pallas) as subject. 'I send back Pallas to thee such as he has deserved' to be (i.e. dead), by engaging in this war and venturing to combat with me. Some editors make Evander the subject of meruit. 496. baltei: a dissyllable here.

497. Impressum nefas: 'the impious deed wrought upon it'; i.e. the murder of the husbands of the Danaides.

510-605. Aeneas in another part of the field hears of the death of Pallas, and furiously seeks Turnus, cutting his way through the enemy, and slaying

many of the bravest. Ascanius at the same time leads forth the Trojan youth from within the camp.

519. inferias quos immolet: that he may slay them as victims'; a relative clause of purpose. See XI, 81 sqq. It was the custom of ancient heroes to sacrifice captives at the tombs or on the funeral piles of their friends killed in battle. See also note on III, 321-323.

541. ingenti umbra tegit: 'covers him with the vast shadow (of death).' 542. Lecta: gathered up'; taken from the body by Aeneas. tropaeum : see Fig. 77.

545. Dardanides: Aeneas.

547. aliquid magnum: 'some boastful word.'

552. Ille: Aeneas. reducta: drawn back,' in order to give a more powerful impulse.

553. Impedit: 'fastens' or 'pins together.'

Aeneas, by thrusting his

spear into the shield and corselet of Tarquitus, holds these so fixed that he can not protect his throat from the blow of the sword.

555. terrae: poetical dative of the goal for the accusative with a preposi tion of prose. Cf. IX, 527.

556. super: 'over him.'

558. patrioque-sepulchro: 'nor shall cover thy limbs with the ancestral sepulcher.'

581. Diomedis: see I, 97, and note.

586. telo with his weapon.' Lucagus bends forward to spur the horses with the point of his sword, while preparing to meet Aeneas.

598. sine spare.'

606-688. Jupiter suffers Juno to delay the death of Turnus, and she rescues him from the field by sending a phantom in the form of Aeneas, which Turnus pursues until it leads him into a ship. This immediately conveys him away. In despair he is borne to Ardea.

614. amore: the love of Jupiter for her. namque: may be rendered here 'indeed,' 'certainly.'

623. me sentis: and if it is your understanding that I thus arrange this.' If this, and this only, the postponement of his death, is the thought you entertain, with no ulterior and secret purpose, you may be indulged.

628. Quid elliptical; 'what matter would it be?' or 'what would hinder?' gravaris: sc. dare. This is said by Juno in a resigned and winning manner, half hoping, half fearing.

631. ut utinam.

649. thalamos: an allusion to the proposed marriage of Aeneas and Lavinia.

652. gaudia: 'his joyful hope.' He does not see that his hope is vain, that the air bears it away.

655. Clusinis: the ship was one of those commanded by Massicus (see above, l. 166), and under the immediate command of the prince Osinius. 661. Illum: Turnus.

669. expendere: sc. me.

672. Quid: object of faciet or dicet understood.

681, 682. sese mucrone Induat: a bolder form for se mucroni, or in mucronem induat; 'should he, then, throw himself upon his sword?' pierce himself through and through with the sword.

686. Animi: 'in her heart,' with miserata; originally probably a locative form. Cf. Cordi, VII, 326.

688. Dauni urbem: Ardea.

689-754. The deeds of Mezentius, and of some other heroes less distinguished.

689. Iovis monitis: by the impulse of Jupiter.'

698, 699. Latagum os faciemque, etc.: (he strikes) Latagus on mouth and face'; accusatives of the whole and part (object of occupat). Occupat: he anticipates the blow of Latagus.

700. segnem: 'inactive,' 'disabled,' 'helpless.'

704. face: see note on VII, 320.

705. The Mss. read Parin creat; urbe paterna, etc., involving an awkward change of subject for occubat.

706. ignarum: here used passively; 'unknown,' 'a stranger.'

707. ille calls special attention beforehand to the subject, aper. Cf. XI, 809. The order of verses 714-718 is that preferred by most editors. 716. quibus, irae: both datives, the latter dative of purpose.

720. Graius: so called under the prevailing belief that Cortona or Corythus was founded by the Pelasgi.

725. surgentem in cornua: for surgentem cornibus; towering with his

horns.'

731. infracta: 'broken'; i.e. broken in the wound.

732. fugientem: 'from behind.' Orodes is not running away from Mezentius, but pursuing some of the Rutulians, and pushing forward in a direction which left Mezentius in his rear. The latter scorns to attack Orodes at a disadvantage.

733. caecum: 'unseen'; if it should be inflicted from behind.

754. fallente: see note on IX, 572.

755-832. While the gods witness the still equal conflict, Mezentius at length is met by Aeneas and wounded, but effects a retreat through the