FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION.

CLASS PAPER.

The History of the Greek Drama, with
Aristotle's Poetics.

1. Translate:

Δεῖ δὲ τοὺς μύθους συνιστάναι καὶ τῇ λέξει συναπεργάζεσθαι ὅτι μάλιστα πρὸ ὀμμάτων τιθέμενον οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἐναργέστατα ὁ ὁρῶν ὥσπερ παρ' αὐτοῖς γιγνόμενος τοῖς πραττομένοις εὑρίσκοι τὸ πρέπον καὶ ἥκιστα ἂν λανθάνοι [τὸ] τὰ ὑπεναντία. σημεῖον δὲ τούτου ὃ ἐπετιμᾶτο Καρκίνῳ· ὁ γὰρ ̓Αμφιάραος ἐξ ἱεροῦ ἀνῄει, ὁ μὴ ὁρῶντ ̓ ἂν τὸν θεατὴν ἐλάνθανεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐξέπεσεν δυσχερανάντων τοῦτο τῶν θεατῶν. ὅσα δὲ δυνατὸν καὶ τοῖς σχήμασιν συναπεργαζόμενον. πιθανώτατοι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς φύσεως οἱ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσίν εἰσιν καὶ χειμαίνει ὁ χειμαζόμενος καὶ χαλεπαίνει ὁ ὀργιζόμενος ἀληθινώτατα. διὸ εὐφυοῦς ἡ ποιητική ἐστιν ἢ μανικοῦ· τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν εὔπλαστοι οἱ δὲ ἐξεταστικοί εἰσιν.

2. Translate, with explanations, illustrations, and references to the context:

(1) Ὁ δ' Ὅμηρος ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα διαφέρει καὶ τοῦτ ̓ ἔοικεν καλῶς ἰδεῖν ἤτοι διὰ τέχνην ἢ διὰ φύσιν Οδύσσειαν γὰρ ποιῶν οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἅπαντα ὅσα αὐτῷ συνέβη.

(2) Δοκεῖ δὲ εἶναι πρώτη διὰ τὴν τῶν θεάτρων ἀσθένειαν, ἀκολουθοῦσι γὰρ οἱ ποιηταὶ κατ ̓ εὐχὴν ποιοῦντες τοῖς θεαταῖς. (3) Πολὺ δὲ μέγιστον τὸ μεταφορικὸν εἶναι.

(4) Αὐτῷ δὲ τῷ ῥυθμῷ μιμοῦνται χωρὶς ἁρμονίας οἱ τῶν ὀρχηστῶν, καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι διὰ τῶν σχηματιζομένων ῥυθμῶν μιμοῦνται καὶ ἤθη καὶ πάθη καὶ πράξεις, ἡ δὲ ἐποποιία μόνον τοῖς λόγοις ψιλοῖς ἢ τοῖς μέτροις καὶ τούτοις εἴτε μιγνῦσα μετ' ἀλλήλων εἴθ ̓ ἑνί τινι γένει χρωμένη τῶν μέτρων . . . τυγχάνουσα μέχρι τοῦ νῦν.

...

(5) Τῶν δὲ ἁπλῶν μύθων καὶ πράξεων αἱ ἐπεισοδιώδεις εἰσὶν χείρισται.

[Turn over.

3. Give Aristotle's words bearing on the Unity of Time in relation to dramatic representation; and discuss the doctrine founded on it, with illustrations from ancient or modern dramatists.

4. What are according to Aristotle the best qualities of λέξις, and how are they to be secured ?

5. State and explain Aristotle's definitions of the following :-τραγωδία, λύσις, δέσις, τὸ γελοῖον, μεταφορά, αἴνιγμα.

6. Τῶν δὲ ̓Αθήνησιν Κράτης πρῶτος ἦρξεν ἀφέμενος τῆς ἰαμβικῆς ἰδέας καθόλου ποιεῖν λόγους καὶ μύθους.

Explain the innovation ascribed to Crates, and trace the development of Comedy in the direction here indi

cated.

7. What do we know about the selection, training, and remuneration of the Greek actors and choreutae?

8. Explain in connection with the history of the drama :

(1) Οὐδὲν πρὸς Διόνυσον.

(2) Πρόλογόν τε καὶ ῥῆσιν ἐξεῦρεν.

(3) Carmine qui tragico vilem certavit ob hircum Mox etiam agrestes Satyros nudavit.

(4) Εδιδάχθη ἐπὶ ἄρχοντος ̓Αμεινίου διὰ Φιλωνίδου.

[T. T. 1877.]

Hints for Roman History from 146 to 43 B.C.

SOCIAL QUESTIONS, &C.

Roman Religion: its original character; enfeeblement and decay; revival under Augustus; Cæsar-worship. Its bearing on politics. Foreign worships. Domestic religion. Private life, &c.: Education (rhetoric). Roman women. Private wealth: its sources and uses. Debts. Banking. Slaves and clients. Patria potestas: its relaxation. The great Roman families: their characteristics. Domestic crime and unhappiness. Police.

CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS, &c.

(a) The Republic: Senate, Comitia, Magistrates: their exact relation to each other, de facto and de jure. Advantages in the position of the Senate: its social prestige (whence?). Elements of power in the Comitia: nature of the franchise (procedure in voting.) Functions of the Magistrates: double importance of the Prætor: anomaly of the Tribunate.

(b) Transition to Monarchy: Germs of it in

1. Personal influence. Illustrate from Gracchus Marius, &c. (Aided by popular excitement: causes of this.) Expedients to increase it.

2. Provincial Government. Military necessities: prolonged commands: material of the armies: absolutism of governor: wealth amassed: state of provincials: land: taxes, &c.

3. Division of classes and interests. Nobiles and Equites: course of division: attempts made at union : judicia, the various laws. Proletariate its alien

ation from the Senate: corn-distribution (pauperism): material of it, libertini, &c. : its power and pliability.

[Turn over.

4. Enfranchisement. Why a 'democratical' movement? Various aims of its advocates. The new 'Latinum nomen'. What is a municipium (Lex Julia municipalis)? The Tóλıç vanishes: why should an Empire follow?

FOR CICERO'S LETTERS.

1. Follow Cicero's own political career (in Parts 1-3) minutely, marking the events that modified it from time to time. Make it the centre around which to group characters, events, &c.

2. Study closely (with Book 3) the intricate relations of Cæsar and the Senate; aiming at an independent view of the constitutional question.

3. Observe (especially in Book 4) all characteristics of Cicero and others in private life.

4. Tabulate (with Book 5) the numerous events of the year following Cæsar's death chronologically.

5. Collect information about the chief secondary characters in the letters: on Roman life, manners, culture: on the resources of the two parties, &c.

It is assumed that information on all these heads, and illustrations of them, will be carefully sought in the books taken up.

Lincoln Allege. Directim's for tamse

1678.

Plutarch, Sallust, and Cicero's Letters.

1. Was Revolution a necessary consequence of Reform in the Tribunates of the Gracchi: and did it so appear to Plutarch?

2. Explain and illustrate the Lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus.

3. The character and abilities of the personal friends and adherents of the Gracchi mentioned by Plutarch.

4. Senatus decernit, suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse fœdus fieri.' Comment on these words.

5. What is Sallust's view of the legal force of the Senatusconsultum ultimum? Does it leave anything to be said on the subject?

6. The political influence of women in the last century of the Republic.

7. Characteristics of the 'populares,' as represented in Sallust and Cicero.

8. Cicero's account of the proceedings connected with the trial of Clodius.

9. What was the concordia ordinum, and what causes broke it up?

10. Illustrate from your books the license of the Tribunician power.

11. Cicero's literary pursuits and acquaintances.

12. The personal character of Milo, Cælius, Dolabella, and Cæsar. Illustrate from the letters.

13. Give a short account of Cicero's political leadership in the spring of 43 B.C.

Lincoln College.