of Peru, including the campaigns of Goyeneche and Pezuela in Upper Peru; and the abortive attempts at insurrection in Lima itself, and in several provinces. His work is supplemented by Mitre's Life of General Belgrano, which was published at Buenos Ayres. But the first cries for independence were raised at a distance from Lima, where the power of Spain was not so great. The author of the Lettre aux Espagnols Americains, which embodied the feelings of his compatriots, had to become a fugitive from South America, and died in London in 1798.5 He wrote at the suggestion of General Miranda, who was himself one of the earliest and one of the most unfortunate of the soldiers of freedom. His life was written by an Englishman. There are several memoirs of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator of Colombia, the best known being by his aide-de-camp, Colonel Holstein.7 Materials for the colonial history of Colombia will be found in the history of the discovery and conquest of Nueva Granada by Colonel Acosta, and in the volume containing the Memoirs of its Viceroys, edited by Garcia y Garcia.9 The volumes of Fuñes and Angelis contain the colonial history of Buenos Ayres, which is philosophically treated in the admirable works of Dr. Vicente F. Lopez 10 and Don Luis Dominguez." The former president, Mitre, has written a life of General Belgrano,1 and there are biographical sketches of San Martin by Gutierrez 18 and others. 1 1 [Cf. Manuel Maria Urcullu's Apuntes para la historia de la revolucion del Alto Perú, hoi Bolivia, por un patriota (Sucre, 1855). — ED.] 2 La Historia de la Independencia del Perú, 1809-1819, por Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna (Lima, 1860). [An excellent collection of documents on the Peruvian struggle for independence was made by Hipólito Herrera, and published at Lima in 1862, as El Album de Ayacucho. Coleccion de los principaies documentos de la guerra de la independencia del Perú. Cf. Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan's Historia del Perú independiente (Lima, 1868, 1870, etc.); and the Memoria histórica sobre las operacionas e incidencias de la division libertadora a las órdenes del jeneral Don Juan Antonio Alvarez de Arenales en su segunda compaña a la sierra del Perú en 1821 (Buenos Aires, 1832).- ED.] [Bartolomé Mitre's Historia de Belgrano y de la independencia Argentina (Buenos Ayres, 1859; cuarta y definitiva edición corregida y aumentada, 1887). Cf. also Mitre's Estudios históricos sobre la revolucion arjentina: Belgrano y Güemes (Buenos Ayres, 1864).— ED.] 4 * [One of the latest accounts of Spanish power before its fall is in François Depon's Voyage à la partie orientale de la tierre firme (Paris, 1806). Washington Irving is said to have assisted in the English translation (N. Y., 1806; London, 1807). — ED.] 5 Lettre aux Espagnols Americains par un de leur Compatriotes (Philadelphia, 1808), 8vo, pp. 42. There is a translation in Burke's Additional Reasons (ed. 1807). 6 History of Don F. Miranda's attempt to effect a revolution in So. America, with a life of Miranda by James Briggs (London, 1809; Boston, 1808, 1810, 1811). [Cf. J. M. Antepara's South American Emancipation (London, 1810), John H. Sherman's General Acc. of Miranda's [Mémoires de S. Bolivar, par Ducoudray Holstein (1829; Eng. tr., Boston, 1829; London, 1830). Cf. notice by Caleb Cushing in North Amer. Review, Jan., 1829; and other references in Poole's Index, i. 147. The work of another member of Bolivar's military family, Tomas C. de Mosquera, Memorias sobre la vida del libertador Simon Bolivar (N. Y., 1853), is of less consequence. There is an incomplete Life of Bulivar, by Felipe Larrazabal (N. Y., 1866; vol. i. only). Capt. W. T. Adams's Journal of Voyages to Marguaritta (Dublin, 1824) describes several interviews with Bolivar.- ED.] 8 See ante, II. 582. Relaciones de los vireyes del nuevo reino de Granada, etc., compiladas i publicadas por el Dr. Don José Antonio Garcia y Garcia (New York, 1869). There is a map of the viceroyalty of New Granada of the Revolutionary period (1812) in Kerr's Voyages (vol. v. p. i). 10 Historia de la Republica Argentina, su origen, su revolucion, y su desarrollo politico; per Vicente F. Lopez (Buenos Ayres, 1883). 11 Historia Argentina por Luis Domingues (Buenos Ayres, 4th ed., 1870). 12 Historia de Belgrano por Bartolomé Mitre (Buenos Ayres, 4th ed., 1887). 13 Bosquejo Biografico del General Don José de San Martin, por Juan Maria Gutierrez (Buenos Ayres, 1868). [Juan Garcia del Rio, a secretary of San Martin while in Peru, is the author of a condensed memoir, Biografia del jen eral San Martin, por Ricardo Gual i Faen (London, 1823). Cf. B. V. Mackenna's El jeneral The early history of Chile is contained in the well-known works of Ovalle 1 and Molina,2 and in the monumental volumes of Claudio Gaye. The war of Chilian independence has found a historian in Don Diego Barros Arana; while several episodes of that stirring period, such as the life of General O'Higgins, the ostracism of the brothers Car 1 [Cf. ante, Vol. I. p. 576. The history by Cordova y Figueroa, coming down to 1717, has already been mentioned. Cf. ante, II. 573.ED.] 2 [Juan Ignacio Molina (b. 1740; d. 1824) was a Chilian Jesuit, who, after his expulsion with his order, went to Bologna, and applied himself to writing his Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili (Bologna, 1782) and his Saggio sulla storia civile del Chili (Bologna, 1787), the last containing a list of writers on Chile (pp. 324-328). An augmented edition of the first book, Lo Stesso Libro, appeared at Bologna, 1810. On publishing his second part, Storia Civile, Molina says that he had got on very well with printed books and the Abbé Olivares' MSS. down to 1665; but after that period he had to depend on the personal recollections of others and on such works as he could procure. There is a Spanish version, Compendio de la historia geografica, natural y civil del reyno de Chile, escrito in Italiano. Primera parte traducida en Español por Domingo Joseph de Arquellada Mendoza [Segunda parte por Nicolas de la Cruz y Bahamonde] (Madrid, 1787, 1795); a German, by J. D. Brandis (Leipzig, 1786); a French, by Gruvel (Paris, 1789); and an English one, made in part by Richard Alsop and in part by Wm. Shaler, appropriating notes from the Spanish and French translations (Middletown, Conn., 1808). This English version, somewhat remodelled, was reprinted in London, 1809. It seems to be uncertain whether an earlier book, Compendio della storia del regno del Chile (Bologna, 1776), was the work of Molina or of Père Vidaurre. Cf. Notas para una bibliografia de obras anonimas y seudonimas, por Diego Barros Arana (Santiago, 1882), no. 106. — ED.] 3 [Historia fisica y politica de Chile, segun documentos adquiridos en esta republica durante doze años de residencia en ella, y publicada bajo los auspicios del supremo Gobierno, HISTORIA (Paris, 1854) in eight vols.; DOCUMENTOS (Paris, 1852) in two volumes. There is an accompanying atlas of maps and plates in folio. There are later histories of some importance: José Ignacio Victor Eyzaguirre's Histoire ecclésiastique, politique, et littéraire du Chili, as translated by L. Poillon (Lille, 1855), in 3 volumes. B. Menendez's Manual de historia y cronologia de Chile (Paris, 1860). The studies of José V. Lastarria in his Miscelanea (Valparaiso), and parts of his Historia Constitucional del medio sigio 1800-1825 (Gante, 1866). But the most considerable is the Historia jeneral de Chili of Diego Barros Arana (Santiago, 1884, etc.), in eight volumes. Of the Historiadores de Chile, coleccion de documentos relativos a la historia nacional (Santiago, 1861, etc.), eleven volumes had been published up to 1879. Cf. Biblioteca Beeche, pp. 547-8. A leading record of the last period of Chilian history which comes within the scope of the present chapter is B. V. Mackenna's Don Diego Portales, con mas de 500 documentos inéditos (Valparaiso, 1863). For the bibliography of Chile the essential help is got from Ramon Briseño's Estadística bibliográfica de la literatura Chilena (Santiago, 1862, 1879), in two volumes. — ED.] 4 Diego Barros Arana's Historia jeneral de la independencia de Chile (Santiago, 1854-58; Paris, 1856), in four volumes, is considered the best narrative for the period 1810-1820. [An augmented second edition of the first volume was published in 1863. The period of Chilian independence can be further studied in the following books: M. L. Amunátegui's Los precursores de la independencia de Chile (Santiago, 1870). Melchoir Martinez's Memoria histórica, sobre la revolucion de Chile, desde el cautiverio de Fernando VII. hasta 1814, escrita de orden del Rei (Valparaiso, 1848) is a documentary collection of importance for the early stages of the revolution. Miguel Luis Amunátegui's La reconquista Española, apuntes para la historia de Chile, 1814 i 1817 (Santiago, 1851). José de Ballesteros's Revista de la guerra de la independencia de Chile, 1813-1826 (Santiago, 1851), has a good reputation. Cf. Journal of a residence in Chili by a young American [J. F. Coffin] during the revolu tionary scenes of 1817-19 (Boston, 1823). Lady Maria Dundas Graham, in her Journal of a residence in Chile, 1822 (London, 1824), says that the patriots, after Rancagua, burnt all public papers to prevent their falling into the hands of the Spaniards, so that up to 1817 there are no such records in Chile, and nothing was printed till the middle of 1818. She recounts in her introduction what she could learn from O'Higgins and others. Later documents are given in her appendix. Other documentary sources are noted in B. V. rera; and Revelationes Intimas of General San Martin, are due to the pen of that most pri: Chan author. Vicuña Mackenna. A short life of General O'Higgins, approved byns tam y was pati shed at Lima. An elaborate life has also appeared.2 D.E BARROS ARANA. The history of the achievements of that fleet, commanded and officered by Englishmen, which conveyed General San Martin and his army to Peru, was written by its commander. Lord Cochrane (then Earl of Dundonald) wrote a narrative of his South American services, and after his death a biography was published by his son, the present Earl, and Mr. H. Fox Bourne.* But the most interesting story of the war of independence in Chile and Peru has been told from the letters and papers of General Miller, who participated in all the operations from the passage of the Andes to Ayacucho, both by sea and land. These events, from the Spanish point of view, were narrated by Terragas, and by General Garcia Camba, who criticised the story as told by Miller. Colonel Vicente de Ballivian has published a series of official documents relating to the history of Bolivia during the colonial period, inHe added a valuable bibliography. clad ng some carious annals of the city of Potosi. Clements & Markham ritative documents enter Santiago, 19. — E:] as de les Conran los generales Maria Juan José a el coronel Lats Carre are de la dendenca de Sud America (Sant ago, 1951. It has a map — Er ] Lateral Horse: Relacion de datos dxamento para port har la memoria del je wal Dia Borerie CH, con una introd. A Don B., Taña Makoma (Santiago, 18-2 RV. Mackenna's Electracim ill gene ral Den Ermarie O'Higgins, eserite sobre documontre an, dies i noticis autenticas (Valparaiso, 18. Miguel Luis Amunátegui's La Dictadura 4CH.Santiago, 1853). $ Narrative of services in the liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brasil, by the Earl of Dundonald (London, 2 vols., 1850).- translated into Sparish under Cochrane's direction (London, 1850), and annotated by Manuel Bilboa, printed at I ma in 1863. Ignacio Zenteno published in refutation Documentos justificativos sobre la espelicon libertadora del Perú. (Santiago, 1861). Life of Thomas Lord Cochrane, 10th Earl 4 of Dundonald, by Thomas, 11th Earl of Dundonald, and H. Fox Bourne (8vo, London, 2 vols., 1869). Memoirs of General Miller, in the service of the Republic of Peru, by John Miller (London, 2d ed., enlarged, 1829). [With an appendix of documents. The author used General Miller's papers, which show his participancy for ten years in the conflicts in La Plata, Chile, and Peru. There is a Spanish translation by Gen. J. M. de Torrijos, whose preface is translated in the 2d English edition. J. P. and W. P. Robertson in their Letters from South America (London, 1843), go over a good deal of Miller's career. - Ed.] 6 Camba's Memorias para la historia de las armas Españolas en el Perú (Madrid, 1846). Archivio Boliviano. Coleccion de documentos relativos a la Historia de Bolivia publicados por Vicente de Ballivian y Roxas (Paris, 1872). [Add to this: Ramon Sotomayor Valdes's Estudio histórico de Bolivia bajo la administracion del jeneral don José Maria Achá, con una introduc cion que contiene el compendio de la guerra de la independencia i de los gobiernos de dicha Repú blica hasta 1861 (Santiago de Chile, 1874).- ED.] * After a likeness prefixed to his Historia Jeneral de Chile (Santiago, 1884). EDITORIAL NOTE ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BRAZIL. A VERY excellent bibliography of the history being such that Southey had apparently not and geography of Brazil has been prepared under the supervision of Dr. B. F. Ramiz Galvão, with a supplement by João de Saldanha de Gama, which was published in two handsome volumes at Rio de Janeiro in 1881, as Catalogo da Expo sição de Historia do Brazil realizada pela Bibliotheca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. It is conveniently arranged by general topics and geographical divisions. A section on the maps is given in vol. i. p. 128; and on the bibliographies in vol. ii. p. 1100. It supersedes all other lists of Braziliana, though Trübner's Bibliotheca Brazilica, 1500-1879, London, 1879 (1000 entries) deserves notice. The oldest description of Brazil is that which makes part of the text of Beneventanus in the Roman Ptolemy of 1508. The earliest comprehensive account of the region now known as Brazil, is found in a book which is scarcely familiar to scholars in its original shape, but three or four copies being known. There is a copy, however, in the Carter-Brown Library (Catalogue, i. 307). Rich priced it in his day at £4 4s. This is Magalhaes de Gandavo's Historia da Provincia de Săcta Cruz a qui vulgarměte chamamos Brazil, which appeared at Lisbon in 1576. There was a preliminary issue of its first book in 1570 (?). (Catalogo de Historia do Brazil: Bibliotheca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, nos. 5-6). A French version was included by Ternaux-Compans in his Voyages published in Paris (vol. ii.) 1837. Field (Indian Bibliography, no. 998) speaks of the book as giving the earliest account which we have of the Brazilian natives. The Grenville Catalogue, in describing a copy of Magalhaes, points out how the Portuguese bibliographies speak of its curious and erudite character, and of its rarity heard of it. Ternaux looked upon it as one of the most remarkable treatises upon the New World produced in the sixteenth century. An abridgment of it, called Tratado da Terra do Brazil, was published in 1576, and is reprinted in the Noticias das Nacãos ultramarinhas (vol. iv. no. 4). The Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, of Gabriel Soares de Souza, was annotated and published by Varnhagen at Rio de Janeiro, in 1851. (Catalogo de Historia do Brazil, Bibliotheca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, no. 10.) Purchas, in 1625, in his Pilgrimes, printed in English an account of Brazil which he assigned to Manoel Tristão; but the original Portuguese Do Principio e origem dos Indios do Brazil, was printed at Rio de Janeiro in 1881, and its editor, J. C. de Abreu, assigns its authorship, apparently with good reason, to Fernão Cardim, a Jesuit. (Cf. Catalogo de Historia do Brazil, Bibliotheca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, no. 12.) The oldest general account which Southey quotes is Sebastian da Rocha Pitta's Historia da America Portugueza, printed at Lisbon in 1730, which he speaks of as a valuable antecedent work to his own, simply because there was no other. (Carter-Brown, iii. 460.) A second, edition appeared at Lisbon in 1880. Southey's own History of Brazil appeared in three volumes between 1810 and 1819,- a book which Southey himself thought well of, which interested Scott, but which all have not found readable. Varnhagen says that Southey's work is rather "Mémoires pour écrire l'histoire de Brésil." A Portuguese version of Southey, made by Dr. Luiz Joaquim de Oliviera e Castro, and annotated by Dr. Fernandes Pinheiro, was published at Rio de Janeiro in 1862. 1 In 1550, fifty Indians from Brazil exhibited their war dances and combats before Catherine de Médicis at Rouen; and an account of the ceremony, published at Rouen the next year, was reprinted at Paris in 1850: Ferdinand Denis' Une Fête Brésilienne célébrée a Rouen en 1550, suivie d'un fragment du XVIe siècle roulant sur la théogonie des anciens peuples du Brésil et des poésies en langue tupique de Christovam Valente, Paris, 1830. (Cf. Sabin, v. p. 343: Gaffarel, Brésil Français, p. 130.) Gabriel Gravier printed in the Bulletin de la Société Normande de Géographie, in 1880-81, some papers which were published separately at Paris in 1881, as Etude sur le Sauvage du Brésil (63 pp.). Varnhagen treats of the relations of the first colonists of Brazil with the natives, in his Historia do Brazil, 1877, sec. xiii. C. R. Markham, in his compilation on Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons (Hakluyt Society, 1859), has given an annotated list of the tribes of the great valley, drawn from the sources which he enumerates. Richard F. Burton, in his Introduction on the Indians of Brazil, prefixed to his volume of Hans Stade, published by the Hakluyt Society, says that Varnhagen was the earliest to solve the ethnological confusion which pervades the earlier writers, upon whom Southey had depended. Burton (p. lxxvi.) enumerates the principal sources of the sixteenth century. Cf. Cat. Hist. Brazil, Bibl. Nac., ii. p. 997. John Armitage's Hist. of Brazil, 1808-1831 (London, 1836), is a continuation of Southey, and it was translated into Portuguese (Rio, 1837). There are less important English histories by Andrew Grant (London, 1809), and by James Henderson (London, 1821). A considerable portion of Robert Grant Watson's Spanish and Portuguese South America during the colonial period (London, 1884) is given to tracing the progress of Brazil down to the early part of this century. The most considerable study of the early French connection with the country is found in Paul Gaffarel's Histoire du Brésil Français, 1878, in regard to which Gravier published an Examen Critique" in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris, November, 1878. Joseph François Lafitau gave a French view of the Portuguese relations in his Histoire des Découvertes et Conquêtes des Portuguais dans le Nouveau Monde (Paris, 1733, 1734, 1736), in four volumes. The earliest French specific historical narrative is Alphonse de Beauchamp's Histoire du Brésil, 1500-1810 (Paris, 1815), of which there are Portuguese translations (Lisbon, 1817, 1834; Rio, 1818, 1819). Later works are Charles Reybaud's Le Colonisation de Brésil: Documents officiels (Paris, 1858) and Baron Edouard de Septenville's Brésil sous la domination portuguaise (Paris, 1872). Among the Portuguese writers the earlier periods are examined by Varnhagen, a writer particularly competent, in his Historia geral do Brazil, 1854; his conclusions, however, are in some respects questioned by D'Avezac in his Considé rations géographiques sur l'histoire du Brésil, published originally in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris, May and June, 1857. In the same periodical, March and April, 1858, Varnhagen defended his views in a paper, which was also published separately as Examen de quelques points de l'histoire géographique du Brésil. Under his title as Visconde de Porto Seguro, he published his Historia geral do Brazil antes da sua separação e independencia de Portugal in a second edition (2 vols.) at Rio de Janeiro, 1877. See an enumeration of the modern histories of Brazil in Catalogo de Historia do Brazil, Bibliotheca Nacional, p. 455, and Supplement, p. 1649. The best known of the Portuguese are those of Francisco Solano Constancio (Paris, 1839), General J. I. de Abreu Lima (Rio, 1848), and José Pedro Xavier Pinheiro (Bahia, 1854). A. J. de Mello Moraes has been a prolific writer on his 1 Cf. ante, IV. 498. country's history, and among his writings may be named his Corographica historica (Rio, 1853– 63), an encyclopedic work in five volumes; his Brazil historico (Rio, 1866-67), with its mass of original documents on the discovery and settlement; his Historia do Brazil (Rio, 1871–73), in two volumes; and his Cronica geral e minuciosa do Imperio do Brasil desde a descoberta do Nove Mondo até o anno de 1879 (Rio, 1879). The most valuable source for the history of Brazil among its periodicals is the Revista Tr mensal de historia e geographia ou Jornal de Instituto Historico Geographico Brasileiro, begun in 1839. The Catalogo de Historia do Brazil, above referred to, is conveniently subdivided, so that the student readily discerns the extent of the documentary sources (i. 475, and also under minor heads); the material for the history of the separate provinces (i. 463); the maps tracing discoveries (i. 128; Supplemento, 1628) or elucidating military campaigns (i. 969); histories of campaigns, battles, sieges, etc. (i. 923); early voy. ages (i. 79), etc. The best bibliography of the Dutch West India Company and its connection with Brazilian history is to be found in G. M. Asher's Bibliog, and Hist. Essay on the Dutch books and pamphlets relating to New Netherland and to the Dutch West India Company (Amsterdam, 1854-67).1 So far as the history of Brazil is connected with the explorations that finally defined its coast line, the subject is treated in another section of the present volume, on the "Historical Chorography of South America." 2 It was not till after 1530 that the settlements took shape and captaincies began to be created along the coast, and Rio de Janeiro, San Vicent, Porto Seguro, Bahia, Pernambuco, Maranham, and other designations of these divisionary regions begin to appear in the accounts of the country; and at last, in 1549, De Sousa, with his seat at Bahia, was made governor-general over all. It was he who introduced Nobrega and his Jesuits, and it is from the letters of this order that we get some of our best historical material, as contained in the Avisi particolari delle Indie di Portugailo (Roma, 1552), and the Novi Avisi (1553). We derive also considerable help from the descriptions of Hans Stade (1547-55), elsewhere referred to; as well from the contributions of Thevet and Lery to the story of Villagagnon's company at Rio de Janeiro, till the Portuguese 2 See a later page. 8 Bahia remained the capital till 1763. For plans of San Salvador (Bahia), see one of 1625 in Varnhagen's Hist. do Brasil (1877); the " Baya de Todos os Sanctos," with the city, in De Laet's West Ind. Comp. (1644), and a view; another view in Frezier's Relation du Voyage (1717); and those in Prévost (xiv.) and the Allg. Hist. der Reisen, xvi. 4 Cf. also Copia de unas Cartas de algunos padres de la Comp. de Jesus que escriuieron de la India, Japon, y Brasil (Lisbon, 1555), — Leclerc, no. 2723. |