1 Cf. Calvo's Recueil des Traités, i. pp. 1, 190, for the bull and its history. See also ante, Vol. II. p. 13, 14, 43, 45, 108, 441, 592. The bull has recently been printed from Eden in the Catholic Historical Researches, Oct., 1885, p. 71, and in Howley's Eccles. Hist. Newfoundland, p. 66. Cf. Navarrete's Opúsculos, ii. 47; American Catholic Quarterly Rev., iii. 339.

The negotiations are best followed in Calvo, Recueil des Traités, ii. 242 (1750, etc.); iii. 128, with an historical notice; iv. 126, 333; vii.; viii.; ix.; x. Documents relating to the bounds of Brazil are noted in the Catalogo de Hist. do Brasil (i. p. 892), and maps appertaining (i. p. 178).

* The story of the Jesuit missions is an interesting one. Cf. titles in the Catal. de Hist. do Brazil (i. 784), and Watson's Spanish and Portuguese So. America, ii. ch. 5. Cf. Simao de Vasconcellos' Crónica da Companhia de Jesus do estado do Brasil (Lisbon, 1663), the introduction of which appeared also separately as Noticias curiosas e necessarias sobre o Brasil (Lisbon, 1668), — and the same author's Vida do Padre Joseph de Anchieta (Lisbon, 1672); and Manoel da Fonseca's Vida do Padre Belchior de Pontes (Lisbon, 1752). + Cf. Frezier's Relation du Voyage (Amsterdam, 1717) for a map.

the archives, treasures, and royal family went aboard the Portuguese and British fleets and were transported to Rio de Janeiro, where they arrived March 7, 1808, and found safety for the material wealth and an asylum for the royal dignity. The country passed out of a colonial condition when, in Dec., 1815, a decree made it a kingdom, as an integral part of the United

Kingdom of Portugal, Algarves, and Brazil. Quiet, however, did not long prevail. Jealousies between the native Brazilians and the hordes of dependants of the royal family, which had followed them to the country, and the defections of some among the natives, in order to gain titular distinctions from the crown, brought about serious disturbances. A revolt at Pernam

From Mémoires de Monsieur du Guay-Trouin (Amsterdam, 1740); cf. Sue's Marine française, v. 95.

n Jam 61 x embark have profited by an opportunity and a weaker

raver. But courage did not make Dom Pedro prudent; his war with Montevideo, in which he was worsted, showed something of the incon siderate autocrat, and he seemed to forget, as years went on, those ardent promises which so conciliated the Brazilians when he began his rule. so his people and even his army deserted him, and with a mob before the palace on April 7, 1831, he abdicated in favor of his son, the present emperor, Dom Pedro II.

The literature of this later period is extensive, and will be found in the Catal. de Hist. de Brazil (1 pp. 573, 607; Supplemento, 1661, 1663). Cf. João Manoel Pereira da Silva's Historia da fundição do Imperio brazileiro (Rio, 1864-68), in seven volumes.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

THE VALLEY OF THE LA PLATA RIVER. - Alexander Dalrymple's Catalogue of authors, who have writtem om kis de la Fizta, Paraguay, and Chaco (London, 1807), is arranged chronologically, and includes some taties matted in Finelos Epitome 11737). There is a collection of historical documents from 1500 down, molading a certeringy of the basin of the La Plata, in Martin de Monsey's Description géographique et statistique de la Confederation Argentine Paris, 1860), in three volumes. The Coleccion de obras y documentos a la historia de la provincias de Ris de la Plata, edited with notes by Pedro de Angelis (Buenos Avres, 192 via s.x volumes, is a source of importance. Hermann Burmeister's Description de la répubique Argentine (Paris, 1875), as it is called in the French translation from the German, contains for a first part a history of the discovery and geography of this region.

The cartography of the La Plata Valley and of its several divisions is best traced from the time of Wytfiet and his contemporaries in the enumeration of maps in Uricoechea's Mapoteca Colombiana; to be supplemented by those mentioned in the Brit. Museum Map Catalogue (London, 1887), and by the MS. maps in the British Museum, referred to in Calvo's Recueil des Traités (x. 326). The maps of the last century can be repre sented by such as Herman Moll's, as given in the Voyage to Buenos Ayres, by Acarete du Biscay (London, 1716); that in Pedro Lozano's Descripcion chorographica (Cordoba, 1733); those in Charlevoix's Paraguay, made by Bellin (1735); the composite maps in general collections, like those in Prévost's Voyages (xiv.), and the German equivalent, the Allg. Hist. der Reisen, 1758 (xvi.). There are also occasional fresh observations in the accounts of such explorers as Bougainville. Maps of the present century are abundant, and one of the most widely circulated of the early part of the century is that in Ignacio Nuñez's Noticias de las Provincias unidas del Rio de la Plata (Londres, 1825; in English, 1825; in French, Paris, 1826).2

The maps of Paraguay alone, of which Sanson's of 1650 is one of the earliest, are enumerated in Uricoechea's Mapoteca Colombiana (p. 178, etc.). That in Acarete du Biscay's Acc. of a Voyage up the River de la Plata (London, 1698) shows the views at the close of that century. The leading cartographical ideas of the next century are found in D'Anville's map, given in 1733 in the Lettres Édifiantes (vol. xxi.), and later in the English translation of Muratori's Missions of Paraguay (London, 1759). Bellin contributed the maps to Charlevoix's Histoire du Paraguay (Paris, 1756-57). Delisle's map is used in Bernardo Ibañez de Echavarri's Histoire du Paraguay (Amsterdam, 1780). The MS. maps in the British Museum are noted in Calvo's Recueil des Traités (x. 331). For a recent map see Geographical Magazine, Sept., 1875.

1 Cf. A. J. Pernetty's Hist. d'un Voyage aux isles Malouines, 1763-64 (Paris, nouv. ed., 1770), or Hist. of the Voyage to the Malouine (or Falkland) Islands, 1763– 64 (London, 1771; 2d ed., 1773), with its chart of La Plata and plans of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo.

A later work by the same author is in better esteem: Noticias históricas de la república Arjentina (Buenos Ayres, 1857).

The history of Paraguay from the time when, with the foundation of Assuncion, it became a province of the viceroyalty of Peru is best followed in the Histoire du Paraguay of Charlevoix, in Funes' Historia civil del Paraguay (Buenos Ayres, 1817), and in Charles A. Washburn's History of Paraguay (Boston, 1871). The rule of the Jesuits when, in the seventeenth century, Spain gave them the entire control of its government, with power to exclude the Spanish adventurers, which had rendered their missionary efforts abortive,

resulted in an ecclesiastical domination, whose character, and the causes of whose downfall with the final expulsion of the order in 1768, have been the subject of much controversy. This story is traced in a summarized way in R. G. Watson's Spanish and Portuguese South America, vol. i. ch. 16, covering 1608-1648; and for later times in vol. ii. Beside the general histories of the order (cf. bibliography, ante, Vol. IV. p. 295), collections like the Lettres Edifiantes, and the biographical records in succession of Nieremberg,

1 Three volumes, quarto, Paris, 1756; six vols. 12mo, Paris, 1757; in Latin, Venice, 1779; in German, Nurem

berg, 1768; abridged in English, London and Dublin, 1769, in two vols. Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1107, 1663, 2541.

From Acarete du Biscay's Voyage up the River de la Plata (London, 1698).

Andrade, and Cassant we trace the Everse views on the Jesuit rule in such works as Mémoire touchant ement des P. Dammes dans les Indes d'Espagne (1716); a letter of 1721, describing events which, anded ma tie M.maris de Branet, appeared as Le Paraguai Jesuitique (Amsterdam, 1768); Juan Pine Fernander kann de las Mirsiones de las Indies (Madrid, 1726); Pedro Lozano's Historia de at Omocha de Terus en la prima dei Paraguay · Madrid, 1754-55), in two folio volumes; Ludovico Astina Mantrs 1. Lentioneams Feace mille missioni de Padre della Compagnia de Gesu del Para› Hatere de Niorias I, Roy du Paraguai (1756), - an imposition intended to injure Dist effective at all the opposing criticism, Relação Abbreviada da Republica (Lisbon, which appeared at Firt.guese ani French, and is said to have been written by Sebastião José de the Martus & Fea and is best known by the French title, Relation abrégée concernant la Paraguay que es "cuites des Provinces de Portugal et d'Espagne, ont établié dans les Pays MEMI U L 2a1 M nor,ases, et de la guerre qu'ils y ont excitée et soutenue contre les armies 41% die Fragelser in p, n. d. 1753 :# an Italian book of Father Bernardo Ibañez de Echavarri, A xor cum the French versila, Histare du Paraguay sous les jésuites (Amsterdam, 1785),5 and the ng seated Hitoria de Aripombus of Martin Dobrizhoffer (Vienna, 1784), in three volumes, which MC Kits Tas Tat experiences an ng this equestrian people of Paraguay.6

Car

These must be sut emented by sue colections of documents necessary in the study of the movements LEX She ́esut rue, and recurding the final action of their expulsion. Such are the Coleccion jeneral de published at Madrid in 1768-69, and the Recueil des decrets apostoliques et des gri enin 17 da ba de Portugal concernant la conduite des Jésuites dans le Paraguai; les moyens ipar en privater ja riforme de la part du S. Siège; l'attentat du 3 Sept. 1758, la punition Amsterdam, 16, 1791, 1781). This is the French translation of the Latin and Portupaese criminal and it was authorized by the Portuguese king. The Jesuits were charged with instigating the natives against the Eur pean armst

Not reg atter the Jesuit expulsion Paraguay was made a part of the new La Plata viceroyalty (1776), and in 1910 t was the earliest of the states to establish its independence. The exclusive rule of the Dictator Dr. Franca beginning in 1914 and ending with his death in 1840, can be easiest studied in Washburn's Hira, with hep from some contemporary accounts and later examinations.9

The later ride of Lopez (1844, etc.) can be best followed, by the English reader, in Washburn.

The early history of Buenos Avres is a story of Indian depredations; but in 1594 the city became firmly estat,shed, and in 1-20 the seat of government for the La Plata region was transferred to it from Assuncion. In 1 26 a single viceroyalty included Buenos Ayres, Assuncion, Charcas, Potosi, and Cochabamba. After 1540 there was an intermittent conflict between Spain and Portugal for the possession of the country, but in 178; Spain e nimed her rights by treaty. In 1856 the English invaded La Plata, and Buenos Ayres fell int, the hands & General Beresford, only to be recaptured (Aug. 14, 1806) by a Spanish expedition under Santiag 1.mers, organized in Montevideo, when Liniers was placed in command of the city.

"dent de Vud en algunos claros votrones de la Compara defens Maini, 147-47), vois. i., ii, îî'., iv. ; l'avones sonatres en samtidad Madrid, 1666-67), vols. v., vi.; and the final continuation of Cassani in 1784

↑ German edirin, Vienna, 1729; Latin, Rome, 1729, and Vienna, 1733

3 French translations, Paris, 1754, 1757: German, Vienna, 1758. Frg'sh, London, 1759 (Carter-Brown, iii. 744 74, 1026, 114, 11, 1228.

It came out also in French at Amsterdam, 1758, and Paris, 1-5; in German at Amsterdam, 1758 12 eds.), and at Lisbon, O. Extraits de la Relation abrégée appeared at Utrecht, 178; and a Memoire pour servir d'addition et de éclaircissement à la Relation abrégée sur l'abominable conduite des Jesuites dans les Pays d'outre-mer (1758). Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. 1156-1190, 1271-73, and Sabin, vol.

IV.

* German translation, Jesuitisches Reich in Paraguay (Coin, 1774). The French edition contains a translation of vo v of Coleccion jeneral de documentos tocantes a los regulares de la compañia (Madrid, 1768-1770). Cf. Arana's Notas para una bibliografia, no. 222.

It has a map of Taruma and a plan of Rosario. The German translation (Vienna, 1783) has the same maps. There is an English version by Sara H. Coleridge (London, 1822).

Three vols., quarto. The Carter-Brown Catalogue, iii. no. 1632, gives the contents. Mainly based on this collection is the Histoire du Paraguay sous les jésuites, et de la Royauté qu'ils y ont exercée pendant un siècle et

demi (Amsterdam, 1780), in three vols. There is another Coleccion de documentos relativos a la espulsion de los jesuitas de la República Arjentina y del Paraguai (Madrid, 1872).

* Cf. also, for the criminal process against the order, the Geschichte von Paraguay of Juan de Escandon and Bernard Rusdorfer (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1769), which purports to be translated from Spanish MSS.

The Reign of Doctor Joseph Gaspard Roderich de Francia in Paraguay, being an account of a six years residence in that Republic, July, 1819-May, 1825, by J. R. Rengger and Longchamp, translated from the French of Rengger (London, 1827), known in the original as Essai historique sur la révolution du Paraguay, et le gouverne ment dictatorial du Docteur Francia (Paris, 1827). There is an English translation, badly done and defective. There are other experiences of two Scotchmen, J. P. and W. P. Robertson, who published their Letters on Paraguay, four years residence in that Republic under the government of the Dictator Francia (London, 1839, two eds.), in three volumes, to which they added another volume, Dr. Fran cia's Reign of Terror (London, 1839), a book to meet the current interest, rather than to add to what they had already written; and much the same may be said of their still later Letters on South America (London, 1843), in three vols. Cf. further, Carlyle's essay on Francia, published originally in the Foreign Quart. Review, 1843, and included in his Essays; the Bulletin de la Soc. de Geogra phie en Anvers (x. 8-31); and references in Poole's Index, vol. i.