cance de Surinam (Paramaribo, 1788), in two volumes.

rösen. The took possession of a portion of the country, and in 1802 the site the Dutch but the next year the English arms repossessed the nw cow as Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice were confirmed to British

Expist. Ivan, and French are usually separately considered since the latter in or the Explat part to refer to H. G. Dalton's Hist. of British Guiana abe Sucett Forgese Jews, called Essai historique sur la colmis de

Fortaçma & Alemande y ctablić (Paramaribo, 1788; in Dutch, ID portion For the French region we have larger rea lesen is Cayenne et de la Guiana Françoise (Paris, 1777Gallard de Terraube's Tableau de Cayenne en de la Guiane I Pur 1 tre voyages to rectify the cartography. A French work, of which I CRA TANZA 1 Jos toi Jalons and Cayenne, nebst einer Uebersicht der ältern ESTERTE ALMEN In dusem Lande (Hamburg, 1799). Neue Reise nach Deus. Le Jasonne, in Histare, etc., de cette partie de l'Amérique Saron Franças Pans, 18671

I the tract there was an important documentary collection published by e Im. prince fuelles sur l'administration des Colonies, et Hi Pars, Tan x, in five volumes.

ATHI NATIVIST - The Iterature of the revolutionary period of this century in the meria » DIVE resented collectively in any bibliography, and must mostly 5 amp i de native publications. For such purpose, the Biblioteca de ex Drains the scues of the press from 1774 to 1830. P. Herrera published an 4 Liters Earns Quito, 1850. J. M. Vergara y Vergara's Historia - Bea :*. J. M. Spence's Land of Blitar, vol. ii., has a list on TALLED LATE mer Venezianos Contemporáneos (Caracas, 1875). Te & Scratar sources for the perod from 1808 to the establishment of South American s Amman, koornques de la révolution de Amérique latine (Paris, 1864-67; a retines which is the second series of his Recueil des Traités. The s sure ei a Mana Trentes Hiaria de la Revolucion Hispano-Americana (Madrid, 1829, but de res s 2 Spanish one, and not satisfactory to Spanish-Americans. Some of the cintests - SST Dua abres at the time are:

A rad: Fores Estrada's Imperia Exomination of the Dispute between Spain and her American Colo abes marsat. 2 by W. F Loodie, 1872.

Mazie Pace Faard's Cater of the Revolution in South America (London, 1817; N. Y., 1817) There is a French vers in Fars, 181; revised, 18102

Dreus que Paris de Pract's Des Cilomus et de la Revolution Actuelle de l'Amérique (Paris, 1817; Bordeaux, Spanish, 151 and J. D. Williams's translation of De Pradt's Europe and America in 1821

W. B. Stevenson's A kizontal and descriptive narrative of twenty years' residence in South America; termeng temeli in Arau,i, Chile, Fera, and Colombia; with an account of the revolution [1821-1824], Es rise, progress, and results. London, 1825.

The arguments that induced the interposition of the English are found in —

W≈ Burke's South American Independence, and his Additional Reasons for our immediately emancipating Spanish America (London, 1858.

Willam Walton's Present State of the Spanish Colonies (London, 1810), and his Exposé of the dissenstoms of Spanish America (Lendon, 1814).

M. G. Mulhall's English in South America (Buenos Ayres, 1879).

The lives of Bolivar, already referred to, gather the essential elements of the story. The basis of all is the considerable Coleccion de documentos, relativos a la vida pública del libertador de Colombia y del Peru, Simon Bolivar para servir a la historia de la independencia de Sur América (Caracas, 1826, 1833), in 22 volumes, and the Documentos para la historia de la vida publica del Libertador de Colombia, Perú y Bolivia, Puestos por orden cronológico, y con adiciones y notas que la ilustran, por el general José Félix Blanco y Ramon Azpurua (Caracas, 1875–77), in fourteen volumes.

1 CL. P. M. Netscher's Geschiedenis van de Kolonien 2 D. B. Arana's Notas para una bibliografia, no. 157Essequibo, Demerary en Berbice (La Haye, 1888).

These may be supplemented by such works as Interesting oficial documents relating to the United Prov inces of Venezuela (London, 1812, in both English and Spanish); Memoires pour servir à l'histoire de la revolution de la Capitainerie générale de Caracas jusqu'au mois d'arût, 1814, by H. Poudenx and F. Mayer (Paris, 1815); Major George Flinter's Hist. of the Revolution in Caracas (London, 1819); José Domingo Diaz's Recuerdos sobre la rebelion de Caracas (Madrid, 1829, the record of an eye-witness, and secretary of Morillo; Geo. Laval Chesterton's Narrative of proceedings in Venezuela, 1819–1820 (London, 1820); R. M. Baralt and R. Diaz's Historia de Venezuela, 1797-1830 (Paris, 1841,-a continuation of Baralt's Historia de Venezuela desde el descubrimiento hasta 1797, Paris, 1841, works too Spanish to be wholly pleasing to South American readers; Rafter's Memoirs of Gregor M'Gregor, comprising a sketch of the Revolution in New Grenada and Venezuela (London, 1820); J. A. de Plaza's Memorias para la historia de la Nueva Granada (Bogota, 1850), which, however, only comes down to 1810, but in his Compendio de la historia de la Nueva Grenada (Bogota, 1850) he tells the story in a condensed way to 1831; Guillaume Lallement's Histoire de la Colombie (Paris, 1826); José Manuel Restrepo's Historia de la revolucion de la república de Colombia (Paris, 1827, in ten vols., with an atlas; 2d ed., Besanzon, 1858, in 3 vols.); The Present State of Colombia, containing an account of the principal events of its revolutionary war (London, 1827).

There are a number of contemporary records of the period following the declaration of independence: Alexander Walker's Colombia (Londres, 1822). G. T. Mollien's Voyage dans la république de Colombia (Paris, 1823, 1825; English trans., Lond., 1824). W. B. Stevenson's Historical and descriptive narrative of twenty years' residence in South America (London, 1825). Col. William Duane's Visit to Colombia, 1822-23 (Philad., 1826). Capt. Chas. Stuart Cochrane's Residence and Travels in Colombia, 1823-24 (London, 1825). Lieutenant Richard Bache's Notes on Colombia, 1822-23 (Philad., 1827).

PERU AND CHILE. - The descriptions of Peru and Chile in the seventeenth and eighteenth century are an important element in our knowledge of the history of that time. They come in the main from navigators, members of religious orders, and latterly more particularly from travellers. The Descripcion del regno de Chile, by Francisco Ponce de Leon, was presented to the king in the form of a memorial, and later printed at Madrid about 1644. (Leclerc, no. 1965.)

The voyage of Frezier on the coasts of Chile and Peru in 1712-14 was the most noticeable of its time, and the maps and plates which accompanied its relation attracted popular notice.1

The voyage of Alonzo Carillo Lazo to Peru in 1745-49, originally written in Spanish, was presented in French by the Abbé de la Blancharderie as Nouveau Voyage fait au Pérou (Paris, 1751), and in an English dress (London, 1753).

The travels of the early part of the present century are not so important as historical material.2

The material in relation to the Church and missions of both Peru and Chile is extensive and needs to be used in parallel study. The general histories give much; but there are details in many sectional works. The most famous of the Spanish prelates sent to Peru to take the headship of its Church and its missions was Toribio, who at forty-three reached Lima as its archbishop. From this time till his death in 1606 his personality was a conspicuous one both in the affairs of the Church and in the labors among the native tribes. The first considerable life of Toribio was that by Antonio de Leon Pinelo, who founded it on a mass of documents which he possessed: Vida de D. Torribio Alfonso Montgrovejo, arcobispo de la ciudad de los Reyes (Madrid, 1653), which was followed by the Italian memoir by Michel Angelo Lapi, Vita del servo di Dio, Torivio (Roma, 1656). An effort later began to secure his canonization, and Cypriano de Herrera published his Mirabilis Vita (Roma, 1670), which was based on the material sent from Lima in aid of the movement. Anastasio Nicoselli's Vita di S. Toribio (Roma, 1726) is simply drawn from Herrera. There was another Vita Venerabilis Toribii (Patavii, 1670) published by an Augustine monk, Francisco Macedo. The beatification took place in 1679, and his canonization in 1726. Meanwhile, in 1683, Francisco Antonio de Montalvo made Toribio the subject of some important books, El sol del Nuevo Mondo, and Breve teatro de las acciones de la Vida del bienaventurado Toribio (Roma). A later account is in Ant. Guerrero Martinez Rubio's El phenix de las becas (Salamanca, 1728).

Fray Antonio de la Calancha's Corónica moralizada del orden de San Augustin en el Perú (Barcelona, 1638) is an important chronicle, continued in a second volume, never completed however, by Fray Diego de

1 The original edition, Relation du Voyage de la mer du Sud aux côtes du Chily et du Pérou fait pendant les années 1712, 13 et 1714 (Paris, 1716). A later edition (Paris, 1732) is the same with a new title and some additions in an appendix. There was a French edition also at Amsterdam in 1717; a Dutch one there in 1718; German, at Hamburg, 1717, 1718, 1745; and an English version at London, in 1717 (Leclerc, nos. 1954, etc.; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 212, 221, 222, 229, 230, 486, 800).

* For example: Joseph Skinner on The Present Condition of Peru (1806). Peter Schmidtmeyer's Travels into Chile over the Andes, 1820-21 (London, 1824). Thomas

Sutcliffe, Sixteen years in Chile and Peru, 1822-1839 (London, 1841). Robert Proctor's Narrative of a journey across the Andes and of a residence in Lima, etc., 1823-24 (London, 1825). Capt. Basil Hall's Extracts from a Journal on the Coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, 1820-22 (London, 1824; Edinburgh, 4th ed., 1825; also in Constable's Miscellanies, 1826; Philad., 1824). John Miers's Travels in Chile and La Plata (London, 1826). This writer was an observer of Cochrane's operations. Lieut. Charles Brand's Journal of a Voyage to Peru (London, 1828). Edmund Temple's Travels in various parts of Peru (London, 1830; Philad., 1833).

Cordova, which was printed at Lima in 1653 (Leclerc, no. 1701). There is a French translation (Toulouse, 15" and Brs's Historia Peruana ordinis erimitarum S. P. Augustini libri octodecim (Antuerpia,

Frav Antres de S. Nicolas began a history of the labors of the order of Saint Augustine, but his death left to be used by some of his brothers, and it appeared at Madrid (1664-1669), in four volumes. Creava also published at Lima in 1930, the life of a famous Franciscan who had died in Lima in 1610. Vissa Aponse. Fer & Venerable Fray Francisco Solano. An enlarged edition was published by As de Mendeta at Maind in 1743 who prepared it in furtherance of the effort made to secure Solano's cantation Father Touroo Navarro pubished a Latin life, Triumphus Charitatis (Rome, 1671), to the same en He was not can red t 1720. There was a great ceremony in Lima when that beatific honor was starti a. this recounted in Fray Pedro Rodriguez Guillen's El sol y año feliz del Perú Sau Fran.. S. Mana 17354 There are lesser lives of Solano by Fray Cisneros (Madrid, 1727), B. S. de Feray M.res Mand 172, etc. Cf. Leclerc, nos. 1710, 1714, 1731, 1751, 1805.

This portract of Toto is reduced from a plate in Leon Pinelo's V'ida (1653).

An early work on the labers of the Dominicans is Fray Juan Melendez's Tesoros verdaderos de las Yndias three follo volumes

Asects the lesuits and ther relation to the progress of events, the Compendio historial e Indice Forte itxa Rede Granada Madrid, 1684?), of Fray Manuel Rodriguez, covers the -Covey dwn to the date of publication

F- dvs. nan perds we have the Restime Breve de! P. Diego de Torres, by F. Vuez (Milano, 1603); ether sets are in Jan Hayes's De Rebus Japonics, Indicis et Peruanis Epistolae recentiores (Antuerpiae,

Fadre Joseph Prend's Vida admirable prodigiosas virtudes del V. Padre Francisco del Castille Mamd is the story of a priest berr in Lima in 1615, who became a Jesuit in 1632, and having acquired great tame as a preacher, died at Lima in 17

Miguel de vares's Hiera de la Compañia de Jesus en Chile (1593-1736), annotated by Diego Barros Arana, makes va vi of the Historiadores de Chile (Santiago, 1874)

THE

HISTORICAL CHOROGRAPHY

OF

WITH

SOUTH AMERICA.

BY THE EDITOR.

ITH the discovery of Magellan, complementing that of Balboa, the general contour of South America was pretty well understood; and the southern continent of America, long before the northern, took its place in the new hemisphere with something like completeness. The oldest map we have — that of La Cosa — had shown from the explorations of Columbus and his companions the northerly and northeasterly shores, in 1500.1 The same had been delineated with more or less development in the Cantino map of 1502;2 in the Portuguese charts which Lelewel supposes to be represented in the map which he assigns to 1501-1504; in the Ruysch map of the Ptolemy of 1508; in the Peter Martyr map of 1511;5 in the Sylvanus map in the Ptolemy of 1511; in the "Admiral's map, " and in the "Orbis typus universalis juxta," 8 both in the Ptolemy of 1513; and in the map in Reisch's Margarita philosophica of 1515.9 The explorations upon which this knowledge was based, began with the expedition of Ojeda and Vespucius (1499), and with that of Pedro Alonzo Niño and Cristóbal Guerra (1499–1500), both on the northern coasts. 10 These were followed by the expedition of Vincente Yañez Pinzon, one of Columbus' original captains, who in the latter part of 1499 crossed the equinoctial line, and on Jan. 20, 1500 (though accounts vary a little), made Cape St. Augustine, the first of Europeans to see that most easterly point of what was for a few years to come to be distinctively the New World.11 Pinzon's explorations in the Spanish interests were northerly from

1 See sketch, Vol. II. p. 106, and the heliotype in Vol. III. p. 8.

2 Sketched in Vol. II. p. 108.

3 Géographie du moyen-âge, p. 43, 1 -confessedly made up from the two maps in the Ptolemy of 1513 as based on Portuguese knowledge of ten years earlier.

+ Sketched in Vol. II. p. 115, and heliotyped in Vol. III. p. 8.

5 Fac-simile in Vol. II. p. 110.

6 Sketched on Mercator's projection in Vol. II., p. 122.

7 Fac-simile in Vol. II. p. 112.

8 Fac-simile in Vol. II. p. 111.

9 Fac-simile in Vol. II. p. 114. 10 See Vol. II. p. 187.

VOL. VIII. - 24

See Vol. II. p. 188. The author of the Corografia Brazilica, while admitting the voyage of Pinzon, claims that his Cape Consolation was not Cape St. Augustine, but the North Cape, under two degrees south latitude. Cf. Santarem, Childe's tr., p. 110, and Cesáreo Fernandez Duro's Colón y Pinzón. Informe relativo á los pormenores del descubrimiento del Nuevo mundo presentado á la Real academia de la historia (Madrid, 1883). In the La Cosa map (1500) at Cape St. Augustine is this legend: "Este Cabo se descubrio en anno de mil y iiiixcix por Castilla syendo descubridor Vicentians." Cf. the bibliography in Silva's L'Oyapoc et l'Amazone. It is claimed for Ojeda that he touched near Cape St. Augustine in June, 1499. Varnhagen in his