States from the foundation of Virginia to the reconstruction of the Union (London, 1887, in 2 vols.), which has a Southern partisan tone, and some surprising turns of observation.

3. FRENCH.-The Courier de l'Europe, a French journal published in London, had ceased, owing to a diversity of opinion as to editorial management, and was succeeded in May, 1777, by the Courier politique et literaire, annoncés et avis divers: a French Evening Post, to be conducted "on the subject of politics, strictly impartial (with decency) to all parties." It was continued to 1785,-making 18 vols. in all, and contains current records relating to the War of Independence. There is a set in Harvard College library. The Mémoires of Lafayette are noted elsewhere. Scheffer, who wrote a Histoire des États-Unis (Paris, 1825), is said by Balch to have received some assistance from Lafayette.

An aid of Lafayette, Comte de Moret de Pontgibaud, is commemorated in the Mémoires du Comte de M...., précédés de Cinq lettres, ou considérations sur les mémoires particuliers [par le Comte C. M. de Salaberry] (Paris, 1828).1

The Mémoires politiques, historiques, et politiques de Rochambeau were published at Paris in 1809, and an English translation of the portion relating to the American Revolution, by M. W. E. Wright, was printed at Paris in 1838.2

Of Rochambeau's officers we possess several of their own memoirs. The Souvenirs du lieut.-général Comte Mathieu Dumas, publiés par son fils (Paris, 1839, in 3 vols.), and the English edition, Memoirs of his own Times (London, 1839). The Mémoires de Monsieur le duc de Lauzun par lui-même (Paris, 1822).8 The Mémoires du Comte de Ségur were printed in Paris in 1825 and 1842, and an English translation at London in 1825-27.4

Balch, during his sojourn in Paris, brought to light a MS. journal of Claude Blanchard, chief commissary, 1780-83, of the French army, which was translated by William Duane and edited by Thomas Balch, and was printed at Albany in 1876. It has few military details.5

Rochambeau probably either wrote himself, or perhaps only dictated, that account of his American expedition 6 which forms a part of the Histoire des troubles de l'Amérique Anglaise, écrite d'après les mémoires les plus authentiques, by François Soulès, which was published in Paris in 1787, in four volumes.8 Sparks 9 calls this history the best written and most authentic in the French language, and says that the portion relating to the movements of Rochambeau's army is nearly identical with a narrative later published in Rochambeau's Mémoires. A large part of Soulès' book was, Sparks further says, read in manuscript by Rochambeau and the minister of war.10

The Révolution de l'Amérique of the Abbé Raynal was issued in 1781,11 with the imprint of Londres, but the book is thought to have been actually printed at Geneva.12

A work of Michel René Hilliard d'Auberteuil was published at Brussels in 1781-82, under the general title of Essais historiques et politiques, the first volume reading, in addition, sur les Anglo-Américains, and the second, sur la révolution de l'Amérique septentrionale.18

J. Mandrillon's Le Spectateur Américain, ou remarques générales sur l'Amérique et sur la République des treize États-Unis (Amsterdam, 1784; 2d ed., enlarged, 1785).

Odet Julien Leboucher's Histoire de la dernière guerre entre la Grand Bretagne, les États-Unis d'Amé

1 Balch, p. 15.

2 Cf. Tuckerman's America and her Commentators, p. 111. For R. C. Winthrop's visit to the chateau of Rochambeau, see Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xx. 99.

3 An edition, under the supervision of Louis Lacour, was printed in 1855; but, interdicted for a while, it was republished in 1858 (Sabin, x. nos. 39,271-72). An edition was published at Paris in 1880, with an introductory study of Lauzun and his memoirs by Georges d'Heylli. There was an English edition in London (1822).

4 Cf. Tuckerman, America and her Commentators, p. 117. The Mémoires ou souvenirs et anecdotes form vols. i.-iii. of his Euvres complètes, published at Paris in 33 vols., 1824-1830.

Cf. Balch, Les Français en Amérique, p. 8; Revue militaire française (1869). The original text has since been printed in Paris (1881) as Guerre d'Amérique 17801783. Journal de campagne de Claude Blanchard, commissaire des guerres principal au Corps Auxiliaire Français sous le commandement du lieutenant-général comte de Rochambeau.

de Manuscrits . . . relatifs à la Nouvelle France (Quebec, 1884), vol. iv. pp. 343-376.

• Washington, viii. 135.

10 Cf. Sparks MSS., no. xxxii.

11 Two editions this year, one of 171, the other of 183 pages.

12 An edition also appeared at Dublin. There was the same year (1781) a Dutch translation at Amsterdam, and an English one, Revolution in America, at London. In 1782 another English version, Revolution of America, was published at Salem, and at Edinburgh in 1783. Sometimes, but probably falsely, attributed to Raynal is the Tableau et révolutions des Colonies Anglaises dans l'Amérique septentrionale (Paris, 1788). Cf. Letter addressed to the Abbé Raynal on the affairs of North America, in which the mistakes of the Abbé's account of the Revolution of Amer ica are corrected and cleared up by Thomas Paine (Philadelphia; reprinted in London, 1782), and a French version by Cerisier, Brussels, 1783.

13 Sabin, viii. p. 295. There were octavo editions in 1781 and 1784, and a quarto edition in 1782. The list given (vol. ii. 413) by Hilliard d'Auberteuil on the French officers in the American service is reprinted in the Mag. of American History, June, 1879. Hilliard d'Auberteuil sent various copies of his Essais, through Franklin, to gentlemen in America, to be corrected for a new edition (Bigelow's Franklin, iii. 203).

rique, la France, l'Espagne, et la Hollande depuis son commencement en 1775 jusqu'à sa fin en 1783, was published anonymously at Paris in 1787, and, with a slightly changed title, in 1788. The title was further changed to Histoire de la guerre de l'indépendance in the Paris edition of 1830.

Filippo Mazzei, who lived several years in Virginia, is held to be the author of Recherches historiques d politiques sur les États-Unis de l'Amérique septentrionale par un citoyen de Virginie, avec quatre lettres d'un bourgeois de New Heaven sur l'unité de la legislation (Colle, 1788), in four volumes. Lafayette told Sparks that he deemed the book authentic and worthy of confidence.

Guillaume Tell Poussin's Les États-Unis d'Amérique, 1815–1873 (Paris, 1874), has appeared in an Eng

lish version.

Count Adolphe de Circourt, in translating and annotating that part of Bancroft's United States which contains his account of the French alliance, had published it separately as Histoire de l'action Commune de la France et de l'Amérique pour l'indépendance des États-Unis (Paris, 1876), making three volumes, in the second of which the translator embodied some Conclusions Historiques of his own, in which he gave a summary of the rise and progress of American independence. This paper, translated into English and furnished with a preface by its author, is printed in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, Oct., 1876. Circourt's third volume is documentary.

Of the monographs on the Revolution and of those broader histories which include accounts of it, but which are all of little importance, mention may be made of a few:

Abrégé de la Révolution de l'Amérique Anglaise (1774–1778) par M.......... Américain (Paris, 1778). The author was Paul Ulric Dubuisson.1

The Abbé Pierre Charpentier de Longchamps' Histoire impartiale des évènemens militaires et politiques de la dernière guerre [1775-1783], dans les quatre parties du monde (Paris, 1785; 3d ed., revised and enlarged, Amsterdam, 1787).

Chas and Lebrun's Histoire politique et philosophique de la révolution de l'Amérique septentrionale (Paris, 1802).

Chevalier de Langeac's Anecdotes anglaises et américaines. Années 1776 à 1783, published anonymously in Paris, 1813.2

P. J. S. Dufey's Résumé de l'histoire des Révolutions de l'Amérique septentrionale (Paris, 1826, in two volumes).

Edward Laboulaye's Histoire des États-Unis, 1620–1789 (Paris, 1856–66; 2d ed., 1867). The second of its three volumes covers the Revolutionary war, and is the substance of lectures given by him at the College de France, which were planned for the enlightenment of French students, without effort at original research.3

Frédérick Nolte's Histoire des États-Unis de l'Amérique depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (Paris, 1879), in two vols.

The centennial of 1876 brought from the Marquis de Talleyrand-Périgord an Étude sur la république des États-Unis d'Amérique, 1776-1876 (New York, 1876).

The participation of the French in the Revolutionary war has several special treatments:

J. F. Milliroux's Confederation Américaine (Paris, 1861) gives France the credit of the success of the Revolution.

Thomas Balch's Les Français en Amérique pendant la guerre de l'indépendance des États-Unis, 1777– 1783 (Paris, 1872), gives notices of the French regiments and officers. Edwin Martin Stone's Our French allies in the great war of the American Revolution (Providence, 1884) was occasioned by the visit of the French representatives to Newport at the time of the anniversary of the surrender of Yorktown.

Léon Chotteau's La Guerre de l'indépendance (1775–1783); les français en Amérique, avec une préface par Edouard Laboulaye, reached a third edition in Paris in 1882. There is also a paper on the French par ticipation in the Revue militaire française (1870, vol. ii.).4

The most important contribution of this kind, however, is Doniol's Participation de la France à l'établissement des États-Unis, which is not yet, however, completed.5

The naval aspects of the French participation is traced in Edouard Chevalier's Histoire de la marine Française pendant la guerre de l'indépendance Américaine (Paris, 1877).6

1 A German translation, Historischer Abriss, etc., was published at Berne in 1779. Cf. Vorstellung der Staatsveränderung in Nordamerika von den ersten Unruhen im Jahr 1774 bis zu dem Bündniss der Krone Frankreichs mit den Kolonien, von einem Amerikaner (Zweyte Auflage. Bern, 1784).

2 Cf. Amerikanische Anekdoten aus den neuesten Zeiten. Ein Auszug aus dem Französischen (Leipzig, 1789).

3 C. K. Adams, Manual of Hist. Literature, p. 534. The book is becoming rare.

A French critical sketch of the military operations is in the Political Mag., iii. 459

See Vol. VII. p. 79.

Extrait du journal d'un officier de la marine de Escadre de M. le Comte d'Estaing (1782); Relation des combats et des évènements de la guerre maritime, par Y. J. Kerguelen (Paris, 1796); Hennequin's Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres (Paris, 1835-1837, in three vols.).

There is a memoir by Sydney Everett of the commander of the French fleet at Newport in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg. (Oct., 1873. p. 404); and an account of his death there, and monument, in E. M. Stone's French Allies (p. 341).

4. GERMAN AND ITALIAN. - The most valuable contributions in German to the history of the Revolution have been the later monographs of Kapp on Steuben and De Kalb, and sundry books respecting the mercenaries of Hesse and Brunswick, of which more detailed mention is made elsewhere.

Julius August Remer published at Braunschweig in 1777-78, in three volumes, his Amerikanisches Archiv.1 Among the earlier subsidiary works, though not of much importance, are Adam Friedrich Geisler's Kurze Karakter- und Thaten-schilderungen (Dresden and Leipzig, 1784), which gives some account of British and of German auxiliary officers of the war; 2 Schlözer's Correspondenz (Göttingen, 1781), which gives some characteristics of the American officers; and M. C. Sprengel's Geschichte der Revolution von N. Amerika (Speyer, 1785), which is a small treatise with a map of the States based on Faden's.

The most considerable German history of the United States is K. F. Neumann's Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (Berlin, 1866, in three vols.), which is enthusiastically Northern in its tone. down to the inauguration of Lincoln.4

It comes

H. von Holst's Verfassung und Demokratie der Vereinigten Staaten (Düsseldorf, 1873, etc.) is more particularly described in another place. See Vol. VII, index.

Some of the military criticisms of Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow, translated from his Militärische und Vermischte Schriften (Leipzig, 1853), are in the Historical Magazine, ix. 105, 141.

In the early years of this century an Italian, Carlo Botta, instigated by the talk which he heard in a Paris salon,5 set to work on a history of the American Revolution, and, as the Storia della guerra Americana,ß published it in Paris in 1809, in four volumes. The work was enthusiastically received, and until Bancroft's volumes on the Revolution appeared, was generally held to be the best account of the struggle, though his method of putting long speeches into the mouths of the leading personages provoked some criticism, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson particularly taking exception to them.8 Adams, though in his letters he expresses no favorable opinion of it, praised it to the American translator. Jefferson called it superior to all others. Grahame, in the preface to his latest edition, says he was deterred from giving the history of the Revolution by the excellence of Botta's work, "of so much merit and so well suited to the present era." Prescott in 1855 still called it the best, and Bancroft so late as 1875 called it admirable.10

There is also a Storia delle Colonie Inglesi in America, by C. D. Londonio (Milano, 1813, in 3 vols.), which includes the Revolutionary war.

1 Sabin, xvii. 69,549.

2 Sabin, vii. no. 26,843.

Penna. Mag. of Hist., vi. 125.

4 C. K. Adams' Manual, 535. Von Holst disparages it (Eng. transl. i. 240).

5 G. W. Greene, German Element in the War of Independence, p. vii. Cf. Prescott's Essays, p. 209.

• Storia della guerra del independenza degli stati uniti d'America is the title which Botta gave his book, and the publisher furnished the shorter title. He affixes a list of the English and French books on which he based his work, among them are Gordon, Ramsay, Andrews, Marshall, Hilliard d'Auberteuil, Soulès.

7 It was reprinted at Milano in 1819 in four volumes; and at Livorno in 1825-26 in seven volumes. A French translation appeared at Paris in 1812-13, in four volumes, edited by M. de Sevelinges. The French preface was translated in the Milan edition. The French publisher had already in 1808 printed a French translation of Marshall's Washington, and had reëngraved Marshall's Atlas, which

was now added to the French Botta, as well as an engraving of Stuart's Washington, made originally for the French version of Marshall. Botta was translated into English by George Alexander Otis of Boston, and published at Philadelphia in 1820, in three volumes, at Boston in 1826 in two volumes, and at New Haven (1838) and Glasgow (1844) and Buffalo (1854)-not to name other editions. Cf. North Amer. Review (vol. xiii.) by F. C. Gray; and Letters and other writings of Madison, iii. 32, 201, 203.

8 Adams (Works, x. 172), referring to a speech on independence given to R. H. Lee, writes to Thomas McKean of it "as a splendid morsel of oratory-how faithful you can judge." Botta contended that the speeches were genuine reproductions of their authors, or of the parties to which the alleged speakers belonged, though he confesses to have added some embellishment to the speeches of Richard Henry Lee and John Dickinson, for and against independence.

THE EDITOR'S FINAL STATEMENT.

THE plan of this work was developed and arrangements were made for its progress in March, 1881, while the Editor had still in hand another coöperative work, The Memorial History of Boston. When his purpose was brought to the attention of the Massachusetts Historical Society, that body marked its interest in the undertaking by appointing an advisory committee, which consisted of ROBERT C. WINTHROP, then its President, GEORGE E. ELLIS, and CHARLES DEANE, then VicePresidents, HENRY W. TORREY, then the leading professor of history in Harvard University, and FRANCIS PARKMAN, the historian of New France. Affiliations were sought and obtained with other historical societies here and in other countries through some of their members, who had given special attention to the fields of research that it was purposed to cover. In this way the assistance has been obtained of thirty-nine different writers.

The Editor had a definite purpose in his mind when he undertook this History, which was to add a distinctly critical treatment to the combined authorship which had characterized the earlier work. His intention was not to offer a model for the general writing of history, based on a coöperative and critical method. There is no substitute for the individuality of an historian.

His experience during many years in charge of large libraries resorted to by scholars, had made it very clear to his own mind that there was a value, at intervals of time, both for the writer and for the student, in grouping the original material which had come to light, so that the facilities of the historian should be understood. There was an almost equal advantage in making apparent what had already been done in the use of such material.

The Editor had also learned the importance of the monograph as rounding the treatment of any phase of history, in a way rarely accomplished in more comprehensive work. He thought, too, that he had discovered how the eye which surveys the broader field loses in some degree its sense of adjustment to narrower details, both of action and record, which characterize the monograph and which belong to the province of the specialist in historical research. It might, he thought, be no small gain to bring such specialists into unison, side by side, in the elucidation of the broader aspects of American history.

It was further believed that the field of historical geography was more intimately connected with that of history in general than had usually been recognized; and that it was difficult to see how any period of discovery could be understood without a constant apprehension of the geographical conditions which the discoverers supposed they were dealing with.

It was felt also that there is a necessary sympathy between the graphic illustrations belonging to a period under observation and the progress of its events; and that a certain wrong is done to the critical sense if other pictorial associations are established.