Judicial Control: Comparative Essays on Judicial Review

accepted according action activism administrative adopted appeal application approach argued Article authorities balance Basic basis BVerfGE Civil Code Community law competence concerning Congress Conseil considered Constitutional Court constitutionality Convention Council Court of Justice decided decision direct doctrine Dutch duty effect established European Court example executive exercise existing fact federal foreign affairs freedom French function fundamental rights German give given granted ground held important individual institutions interests interpretation involved issue Italy judge judgment judicial review judiciary jurisdiction legislation legislature limits matters meaning measures Member national courts national law nature Netherlands obligation opinion organs Parliament particular political position possible practice present principle procedure protection provision question reason referred regard relations relevant requirements respect result role rule separation of powers Series situation specific standards statute statutory Supreme Court taken tion Treaty United violation