their return, they met with the same contrary winds which that ship, as well as St. Paul's, had encountered when off the coasts of Lycia and Pamphylia. At length, when they had reached the small mountainous island of Scarpanto, he tells us that a north wind sprang up, which, he says, drove them on their right course towards Salmone.*

It is interesting to compare the confused and blundering account of the physician of Augsburg with the few but accurate notices of the physician of Antioch. In the first place, had the wind been northerly, no ship bound for the westward would have run down from Scarpanto to the south side of Crete; and in the next place, this was not 'the right course,' which was W. by S. across the Ægean Sea, to the north of Crete, for which a northerly wind would have been favourable. Rauwolf's ship could, as we learn, lie within about six points of the wind;† hence a northerly wind would have been quite fair. St. Luke, in a ship in the same position between Carpathus (Scarpanto) and Cnidus, and meeting with the same winds, says, shortly but correctly, that the winds did not permit of their proceeding on their course, and that they ran to leeward of Crete. (v. 7.)

* P. 465.

He tells us that, as they were proceeding eastwards, there were only three out of eight winds that were contrary, Sirocco, Levante, and Gregale (p. 18); hence the ship could lie within six points of the wind.

† Commentators very generally suppose that μη προσεωντος ήμας του aveμov, meant that the winds defeated the purpose of taking shelter in the harbour of Cnidus. Dr. Hacket in his Commentary on the Acts' observes, 'That poσeaw does not occur in the classics. Προς cannot well mean farther, as some allege, since they would have no motive to continue the voyage in that direction, even if the weather had not opposed it.' Admiral Penrose, however, a better authority in such a matter, takes the same view as

It appears to me, that in the ancient ship they had, not only a more correct historian, but more skilful seamen. St. Luke tells us that they succeeded in reaching Fair Havens, although it was with difficulty. Rauwolf says, that, although they got into smooth water, under the lee of Crete, in their apprehensions of being driven towards Africa, they kept so close to the high land that they had much difficulty in avoiding being shipwrecked on Candia ;* a proceeding which argues anything but good seamanship.† They saved their ship, but failed in their attempt to reach a harbour, which could be no other than Fair Havens, and were obliged to put back to the Calderon Islands.

Sir James, afterwards Lord de Saumarez, returning from Aboukir, after the battle of the Nile, with a detachment of Lord Nelson's fleet, stood to the north till he discovered the island of Cyprus, from whence he intended to pass by the north side of Candia (Crete); but the winds proved contrary, and he was forced, like the ancient voyagers and Rauwolf, to run to the south of that island. His delightful journal, addressed to Lady Saumarez, and written from day to day, throws much light upon the circumstances

I have done. He explains the passage thus: The wind not suffering them to get on in the direct course.' (See Conybeare and Howson, ii. p. 326, note.) We are not told wherein the difficulty of entering Cnidus, if they wished it, lay. Mr. Alford takes what I have no doubt is the correct view : see his note on the passage.

*Also wurden wir des Getöses und Rauschen der Winden und Wellen wol loss dargegen cam unser Schiff den Gestadten Candiæ so nahe, das wir alle Augenblicke müsten eines Schiffbruchs gewartig sein.' (p. 465.)

+ Ships standing too close to high land in stormy weather, with the wind off shore, are apt to be caught in what may be called eddy squalls. This was evidently the case in Rauwolf's ship.

P. 465.

which affect the navigation of this part of the Mediterranean, and shows how perfectly they agree with those experienced by St. Paul and his companions.

On the 28th of August, 1798, he writes:

'We are still off the island of Rhodes, which appears fertile and well cultivated. We have also sight of Candia, at the distance of above thirty leagues; our present route is different from any of the former, as we go to the northward of Candia, amidst the innumerable islands that form the Archipelago.”*

This was precisely the course which St. Paul's ship was pursuing. The contrary winds, however, forced Sir James Saumarez, as they had forced the ancient navigators, to run to the south of Crete. On the first of September, 1798, he thus writes to Lord Nelson :-

'After contending three days against the adverse winds which are almost invariably encountered here, and getting sufficiently to the northward to have weathered the small islands that lie more immediately between the Archipelago and Candia, the wind set in so strong from the westward that I was compelled to desist from that passage, and was compelled to bear up between Scarpanto and Guxo (Carpathus and Casus).'+

It is to be observed, that the fleet could not "fetch" Salmone with the wind at west; which shows that in the apostle's case the wind must have been to the north of

west.

I have already adduced the case of Fynes Moryson, whose ship was also forced to deviate from the original intention of going to the north of Crete, and take the same course as St. Paul's.

After these instances, it will scarcely be thought neces