again absent from school, without valid excuse, one or more days, or tardy on one or more days, may again be reported as a truant. Any child may be deemed an habitual truant who shall have been reported as a truant three or more times. Any child who has once been declared an habitual truant and who, in a succeeding year, is reported as a truant from school one or more days or tardy on one or more days without valid excuse, may be again declared an habitual truant.

The board of education of any city, or city and county, may establish schools in a manner hereinafter prescribed, or set apart rooms in public school buildings, for children between 8 and 14 years of age who are habitual truants from instruction upon which they are lawfully required to attend, or who are insubordinate or disorderly during their attendance upon such instruction or irregular in such attendance. Such school or room shall be known as a parental school. A parental school, as herein designated and provided for, shall be one of the primary and grammar schools of the city or city and county, and the teachers therein shall have the same qualifications and be employed and paid in the same manner as in other primary and grammar schools; but such parental school shall be established and maintained specially for the instruction therein of such pupils, between the ages of 8 and 14 years, as shall be committed thereto as provided in this act, and no pupil shall be committed to or required to attend such school except as in this act provided. Said board of education may make such special rules and regulations for the government of a parental school as shall be consistent with the provisions and purposes of this act and not contrary to law. Such board may provide for the detention, maintenance, and instruction of such children in such schools; and such board or the city superintendent of schools in any city, or city and county, may, after reasonable notice to any such child and an opportunity for the child to be heard, and with the consent of the parent, guardian, or other person having control or charge of such child, order such child to attend such school or to be detained and maintained therein for such period and under such rules and regulations as such board may prescribe, not exceeding the remainder of the school year. If such parent, guardian, or person having control or charge of such child shall not consent to such order, such child may be proceeded against under this act.

If any child in any city, or city and county, in which a parental school shall be established shall be an habitual truant, or be irregular in attendance at school, within the meaning of these terms as defined in this act, or shall be insubordinate or disorderly during attendance at school, it shall be the duty of the attendance officer or of the secretary of the board of education if there be no attendance officer, to make and file a complaint against such child in the proper court, charging the fact, and to see that such charge is prosecuted by the proper authority; and if the court, upon the hearing of such complaint, shall find that such charge is sustained, the court shall render judgment that such child be committed to and be detained and maintained in a parental school in such city, or city and county, for a term not to exceed the remainder of the current school year: Provided, That if the parent, guardian, or other person having control or charge of such child shall, within three days after the retention of such judgment, execute a good and sufficient bond to the board of education of the city, or city and county, in which said court is situated, with sufficient sureties, in the sum of $200, conditioned that such child will, during the remainder of such current school year, regularly attend some public or private school in such city, or city and county, and not be insubordinate or disorderly during such attendance, such bond to be approved by the judge of said court and be filed with the secretary of the board of education, then such court shall make an order suspending the execution of such judgment so long as the condition of such bond shall be complied with. If the condition of such bond be violated, such court, upon receiving satisfactory evidence of the fact in any action brought therefor, shall make an order declaring such bond forfeited and directing such judgment to be thenceforth enforced. Such board of education may, at any time within one year after any such bond shall be declared forfeited, have execution issued against any or all of the parties to such bond to collect the amount thereof; and all moneys paid or collected on such bond shall be paid over to the parental school fund of such city, or city and county. No fees shall be charged or received by any court or officer in any proceeding under this section. The confinement of any child in a parental school shall be conducted with a view to the improvement of the child, and to its restoration, as soon as practicable, to the school which he would, if not so confined, be required to attend. The city superintendent of schools, or, if there be no city

superintendent, the board of education of any city, or city and county, shall have authority, in their discretion, to parole at any time any child committed to or ordered to attend a parental school, except when such commitment shall be by judgment or order of a court; and when such commitment of any child shall be by judgment or order of a court, such court may, on the recommendation of the city superintendent of schools or the board of education, make an order paroling such child, upon such terms and conditions as shall be specified in the order. The expense incurred by any city, or city and county, in purchasing or renting a school site, erecting or renting a building, and equipping the same for the maintenance of a parental school, shall be paid out of funds other than those collected for the maintenance of schools. The salaries of teachers and the expense for all school supplies in a parental school shall be paid out of the same funds from which similar salaries and expense are paid for primary and grammar schools, but all other expense incurred in the maintenance of such parental schools shall be paid out of the parental school fund.

Whenever any board of education shall determine that it is necessary or expedient for the city or city and county to establish and maintain a parental school, said board shall furnish to the city council, or other governing body of such city or city and county, all necessary and required information and statistics, and if after consideration such city council or other governing body grants its consent for the establishment of such parental school, then the board of education shall furnish to the authorities whose duty it is to levy taxes in such city or city and county, thirty days before the time specified by law for fixing the annual tax rate, an estimate of the cost of purchasing or renting a suitable site, and also an estimate of the cost of renting or erecting a suitable building and equipping the same for occupancy as a parental school and the cost to the city or city and county other than for salaries of teachers and for school supplies of conducting the school for the remainder of the current school year. When, pursuant to such consent by such governing body, such estimates shall have been so made and furnished by the board of education of any city or city and county, it is hereby made the duty of the authorities whose duty it shall be to levy taxes in such city or city and county at the time of levying the taxes to levy a special tax upon all taxable property of said city or city and county sufficient in its judgment to provide the facilities requested by the board of education, and for which such estimates shall have been so furnished. It shall be the duty of the board of education yearly thereafter to present to the authorities of the city or city and county, whose duty it is to levy taxes, on or before the first Monday in July an estimate of the moneys required for conducting the parental school for the school year other than for the salaries of teachers and for school supplies. When such estimate shall have been so presented it shall be the duty of the said authorities to levy a special tax upon the taxable property of said city or city and county sufficient to maintain such school for the year, exclusive of salaries of teachers and expense of school supplies. All taxes in this act provided for shall be computed, entered upon the tax roll, and collected in the same manner as other taxes are computed, entered, and collected; and when collected shall be placed in a separate fund to be known as the "parental school fund," and shall be paid out on the order of the board of education for the purposes set forth in this act: Provided, That all moneys so collected for the purchase of sites or buildings or the erection or equipment of buildings for parental school purposes shall be placed in a separate fund to be known as the "parental school building fund," and shall be used solely for the purpose or purposes for which collected, except that after such purpose or purposes shall have been fully accomplished the residue of such fund, if any, may be transferred to said parental school fund.

Two or more school districts or cities may unite in the following manner to form a joint district for the maintenance of a joint parental school: When any board of education or board of school trustees has secured, in the manner as set forth in section 7 of this act, the consent of the legislative body of the city or school district, in which said board of education or board of school trustees holds office, for the union of two or more districts to form a joint parental school district, said board of education or board of trustees shall transmit such information to the board of supervisors of the county of which said city or school district, or districts, forms a part, setting forth at the same time the cities or districts with which said city or district seeks to unite for the maintenance of a joint parental school. When such information has been received by the board of supervisors from all the cities or school districts seeking to be united,

it is hereby made the duty of the board of supervisors, by resolution, to declare such cities or school districts united for the maintenance of a joint parental school, to be known as the joint parental school district of (give the names of the school districts uniting). When the districts have been so united, the boards of education or boards of trustees of the cities or school districts so uniting shall appoint a board of trustees for the joint parental school district, to consist of five members (unless the number of cities or school districts uniting exceeds five), who shall be appointed from the membership of the boards of the several districts or cities uniting, by the respective boards in approximate proportion to the census children between 5 and 17 years of age, in the districts uniting: Provided, however, That each district shall be represented by at least one member on the board of trustees of the joint parental school district. The members so appointed to serve for the remainder of the term of office for which they were elected on their respective boards of education or boards of trustees, and when vacancies occur on said board of trustees of joint parental school districts they shall be filled by the board making the original appointment. The superintendent of schools of each of the cities or school districts uniting, shall be ex officio members of the board of trustees of the joint parental school district, without the right to vote. In the management of a parental school within a school district, city, or city and county, the right to transport pupils to and from school at public expense, when, in the judgment of the board of education or board of school trustees, the interest of the pupil demands it, is hereby conferred upon such boards. All the powers and duties by any section of this act conferred or imposed upon the boards of school trustees or boards of education of any city, or city and county, in the management of and the securing of funds for, a parental school within a city or school district, are hereby conferred upon and imposed upon the board of trustees of any joint parental school district in the management of and the securing of funds for the support of a joint parental school: Provided, however, That in estimating the expense of maintenance of a joint parental school the amount of money needed for the payment of teachers' salaries and for the furnishing of school supplies shall be included in the estimate of expenses: And provided further, That the estimates shall be transmitted to the board of supervisors of the county of which the joint parental school district forms a part. When such estimates shall have been so transmitted, it is hereby made the duty of the board of supervisors to levy a special tax upon the taxable property within the boundaries of the joint parental school district, sufficient to provide the facilities requested by the board of trustees of the joint parental school district, and for which such estimates shall have been furnished, and yearly thereafter when the estimates of the total expense of the maintenance of the joint parental school and increased facilities shall have been furnished the board of supervisors, it shall be the duty of said board to levy a special tax sufficient to maintain the school for the year. All taxes in this act provided shall be computed and entered upon the tax roll and collected in the manner prescribed for the collection of taxes in section 7 of this act: Provided, That all moneys so collected shall be collected by the county tax collector and apportioned to the credit of the joint parental school district, and placed in the fund for which they were specially collected. If for sites or buildings, to be placed in a fund known as the joint parental school building fund, to be used exclusively for the purposes for which they were collected, the same as set forth in section 7 of this act. The board of trustees of joint parental school districts shall organize, by the election of one of their number as chairman, and by the election of a secretary, who shall be the city superintendent of schools, or the secretary of a board of education or the clerk of one of the boards of education or boards of trustees of the cities, or school districts united, and such secretary shall serve without additional salary. All moneys in a joint parental school fund shall be paid out on the order of the board of trustees of the joint parental school district for the purposes herein set forth, and in the same manner that funds are paid from the ordinary school funds of a school district.

All fines paid as penalties for the violation of any of the provisions of this act shall, when collected or received, be paid over by the justice or officer receiving the same to the treasurer of the city, or city and county, in which the offense was committed, to be placed to the credit of the parental school fund of such city, or city and county, if there be such a fund, otherwise to the credit of the general school fund of such city, or city and county, or to the county treasurer, to be placed to the credit of the school fund of the school district in which the offense was committed.

Any parent or guardian of any deaf, dumb, or blind child, legally entitled to admission to said institution, shall send such child to said institution until such child shall have been therein for five years, or shall have reached the age of majority, unless such child shall be excused from such attendance by the board of education or board of trustees of the city, city and county, or school district in which such child resides, for the reason that the child's bodily or mental condition is such as to prevent or render inadvisable attendance at said institution, or for the reason that such child is receiving proper instruction at home or in some public or private school. Any parent or guardian failing to comply with the requirements of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and be punishable as provided in section 2 of this act.

Any justice of the peace, or recorder of the city, or city and county, or any justice of the peace of the township in which the school district is located, or in which the offense is committed, shall have jurisdiction of all offenses committed under the provisions of this act.

Character of instruction.-The public schools of California, other than those supported exclusively by the State, shall be classed as high schools, technical schools, and grammar and primary schools (including kindergarten classes ). Except in incorporated cities having boards of education, the county or city and county board of education shall provide for a final examination and conferring of diplomas of graduation on those pupils who have satisfactorily completed the course of study provided for the grammar and primary schools of the county. The county board of education, except in incorporated cities having boards of education, must on or before the 1st day of July prescribe the course of study in each grade for the ensuing year. All schools must be taught in the English language. Instruction must be given in the following branches in the several grades in which they may be required, viz: Reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, geography, nature study, language, and grammar, with special reference to composition; history of the United States and civil government; elements of physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effect of alcohol and narcotics on the human system; music, drawing, and elementary bookkeeping, humane education: Provided, That instruction in elementary bookkeeping, humane education, elements of physiology and hygiene, music, drawing, and nature study may be oral, no text-books on these subjects being required to be purchased by the pupils: Provided further, That county boards of education may, in districts having less than 100 census children, confine the pupils to the studies of reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, language and grammar, geography, history of the United States and civil government, elements of physiology and hygiene, and elementary bookkeeping until they have a practical knowledge of these subjects: And it is further provided, That no more than twenty recitations per week shall be required of pupils in the secondary schools, and no pupil under the age of 15 years in any grammar or primary school shall be required to do any home study. Other studies may be authorized by the board of education of any county, city, or city and county, but such studies if so authorized shall be in lieu of a corresponding number of such enumerated studies specified in the preceding section, and not in addition thereto.

Instruction must be given, in all grades of school and in all classes during the entire school course, in manners and morals and upon the nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics and their effects upon the human system.

Attention must be given to such physical exercises for the pupils as may be conducive to health and vigor of body as well as mind and to the ventilation and temperature of schoolrooms.

No publication of a sectarian, partisan, or denominational character must be used or distributed in any-school, or be made a part of any school library; nor must any sectarian or denominational doctrine be taught therein. Any school district, town, or city the officers of which knowingly allow any schools to be taught in violation of these provisions forfeits all right to any State or county apportionment of school moneys; and upon satisfactory evidence of such violation, the superintendent of public instruction and school superintendent must withhold both State and county apportionments.

No school shall be continued in session more than six hours a day; and no pupil under 8 years of age shall be kept in school more than four hours per day. Any violation of the provisions of this section must be treated in the same manner as a violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In all schools of more than two teachers beginners shall be taught by teachers having had two years' experience or by normal school graduates.

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Any city, incorporated town, or school district accredited by the last preceding school census with a school population of 300 or more may, by a majority vote of the qualified electors voting at the election held for the purpose of determining the establishment and maintenance of such high school, establish and maintain a high school at the expense of such city, incorporated town, or school district.

Union school districts may be formed, and union schools may be maintained therein, as in this section provided.

When a majority in each district, as shown by the last preceding school census, of the head of families residing in two or more school districts in the same county, shall unite in a petition to the county superintendent of schools for the formation of a union school district, to comprise the districts so petitioning, he shall, within twenty days after receiving said petition, call an election for the determination of the question, and shall appoint three qualified electors in each of the districts petitioning, to conduct the election therein. Said election shall be held separately and simultaneously at the public school house in each of the districts petitioning, and shall be called by posting notices thereof in three of the most public places in each district, one of which places shall be the public school house in each district, at least ten days before said election. Said election shall be conducted by the officers appointed for that purpose, in the manner provided by law for conducting school elections. The ballots at such election, in each district shall contain the words, “For the union school district," and the voter shall write or print after said words on his ballot the word "Yes" or the word "No." It shall be the duty of said election officers in each district to canvass the vote at said election, and report the result to the county superintendent of schools within five days subsequent to the holding of said election.

The powers and duties of boards of trustees in union or joint union school districts shall be such as are now, or may hereafter be assigned by law to boards of school trustees, except as otherwise provided in this section.

The board of trustees of a union or joint union school district may contract, in such manner as they may deem best, for the transportation, to and from school, of such pupils as may seem to such board to be in need of such transportation, and shall pay for such transportation, in the usual manner, out of any funds available for the purpose: Provided, That all such contracts for transportation sha'l be first approved by the county superintendent (or superintendents) of schools of the county (or counties) in which such district is situated.

Text-books. In compiling or causing to be compiled and adopted a uniform series of school text-books for use in the common schools of the State, as required by section 7 of article 9 of the State constitution, the State board of education shall, within thirty days after the passage of this act, meet and appoint three members of said board, to wit, the governor, the superintendent of public instruction, and one other member of said State board of education as a standing committee on school text-books. The said committee shall be designated and known as the State text-book committee, and shall immediately organize and enter upon the discharge of its duties, and shall have power, subject to the approval of the State board of education, to revise in whole or in part and to manufacture such text-books as are now in use; to compile or cause to be compiled under its direction, and to manufacture such other or additional text-book or books as it may deem necessary or proper for use in the primary and grammar schools (the common schools) of the State; to purchase or hire plates, maps, and engravings of copyright matter; to contract for or lease copyrights for the purpose of being used in compiling, printing, and publishing such books; to provide for the payment of royalties or for the leasing of plates for the making of the whole or any part of a book or books, and to do any and all acts that may be necessary for the purpose of procuring a meritorious uniform series of text-books for use in all the primary and grammar schools of the State of California. Said committee shall have power, subject to the approval of the State board of education, to prescribe and enforce the use of a uniform series of text-books, and to adopt a list of books for supplementary use from which county and city and county boards of education shall select and adopt books for supplementary use in primary and grammar schools in their respective counties and cities and counties, as required by section 1712 of the Political Code. As soon as any text-book shall have been compiled, printed, adopted, and is ready for distribution, it shall be the duty of every county and city and county superintendent of schools in the State to order a sufficient number thereof to give at least one copy of every such book to every