funds with county treasurer; manage or examine into the management of all property belonging to the county schools, and report annually to the State superintendent.

. County superintendent.—The county superintendent of schools shall be appointed by the State board for four years, at a compensation of $30 for every 1,000 of population for the first 10,000, $20 for every 1,000 in excess of 10,000, up to and including 30,000, and $10 for every 1,000 in excess of 30,000, rejecting in each case fractions less than 500: Provided, The compensation shall not be less than $200 a year, to be paid out of the bulk of the State school funds as distinguished from the appropriations from the same to the several counties. His duties shall be as follows: To explain the school system upon all suitable occasions and promote a desire for education; prepare a scheme for apportioning the State and county school funds among the school districts; examine persons desiring to teach; issue licenses, and promote the efficiency of the teaching force; assist in the organization of the district school trustees at their sessions (without the right to vote); examine all the schools as to their management, course of study, methods, discipline, and text-books, the condition of the schoolhouses, and the records and official papers of the school districts; decide finally all complaints or appeals concerning the acts of persons connected with the school system; administer oaths and take testimony whenever required in cases coming before himself or the State superintendent; keep a record of his official acts; make special reports to the State superintendent when required to do so, obey his instructions, and make an annual report to him, on penalty of forfeiting the last quarter of his annual pay.

District board of school trustees.-School districts shall correspond with the magisterial districts except that towns of 500 or more may elect to form a separate district. Subdistricts may also be formed or abolished.

The judge, Commonwealth's attorney, and school superintendent of each county shall be a board to be known as the school trustee electoral board, which shall have power (except in case of municipal councils which appoint their own boards) to appoint district boards of school trustees of 3 each for terms of three years, 1 retiring annually, each of whom shall be a resident of the school district, and shall continue so during his term or relinquish his place, and no supervisor or county treasurer is qualified. The duties of the board of trustees are as follows: To explain and enforce the school laws; employ and dismiss teachers; suspend or dismiss pupils; decide what children shall, by reason of poverty, be furnished text-books free; see that the school census (persons 7 to 20 years) is taken properly every five years; the district board shall call meetings of the people of the district; prepare and present to the county school board an estimate of the money needed for maintaining the public schools, including buildings and text-books for the children of indigent persons; care for, add to, and manage the school property of the district, and permit the use of an unoccupied public schoolhouse (vacant from lack of funds to maintain it) by a person not employed by the board but who desires to teach; report annually to the county superintendent; visit the schools within the district, and see that they are carried on in accordance with law.

The clerk of the district school board shall every five years take a census of the persons (7 to 20 years) residing in the district, receiving compensation at the rate of $3 for every 100 persons enumerated, and perform other duties as may be required by the board, for which he shall be paid $2 per day of actual service.

City school board.-All the school trustees in a city shall constitute a single corporation, which shall have the same officers, powers, and duties as ordinary boards of district school trustees except as otherwise provided. This board shall have power, subject to the common council, to prescribe the number and boundaries of school districts and the number of trustees (not exceeding three from each district); but until such arrangement is made every city not divided into wards shall be one school district, and cities divided into wards shall have as many districts as there are wards. Each trustee is appointed for three years, 1 in each district retiring annually. The city board may establish high and normal schools.

City superintendent.-In every city of 10,000 or more inhabitants there shall

"After July 1, 1905, the State board will divide the State into school divisions by combining counties, etc. Local superintendents will thereafter be known as division superintendents.

The office of county judge has been abolished-effective February 1, 1904.

be a superintendent of schools, appointed by the board of education of the city and paid by the State, though the amount thus paid may be increased by municipal action. Whenever the population of a county in which a city of less than 10,000 inhabitants is located contains 15,000, exclusive of the population of the city, that city may have a superintendent separate from the county, under the conditions obtaining in the case of cities of 10,000 or more. The city superintendent may teach ex officio when requested by the board, may suspend or dismiss pupils, with appeal to city school board, and shall participate in the sessions of the board, but shall have no vote. (See also County superintendent.)

2. TEACHERS.

Appointment, qualifications, and duties-Preliminary training—Meetings— Summer normals.

Appointment, qualifications, and duties.-No teacher of a free public school shall be employed or paid from public funds unless holding a certificate of qualification in full force from the county or State superintendent. If payment is made for the services of a person unqualified, the payment shall be disallowed, and the officer who sanctioned it shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $50. Written contracts must be made in duplicate before installment.

The county superintendent shall examine persons applying for license to teach in the free public schools, and, if satisfied as to their capacity, acquirements, morals, and general fitness, he shall grant them certificates of limited duration subject to revocation, all under the supervision of the State superintendent. He shall also hold examinations for those desiring to teach in his county for the school year, at such time and place as may be required by a district board. Examinations will be held in orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, physiology, and hygiene, and, for a first or second grade certificate, in the theory and practice of teaching. Applicants to teach school in which the higher branches have been introduced must be examined upon those branches also. The first-grade certificate entitles to teach three years, and may be renewed for two years or shorter period; the second grade is good for two years, and the third grade for one. Holders of first-grade certificates may receive from county superintendents professional certificates good for seven years, and renewable by passing the prescribed examination.

The State superintendent shall issue two grades of State certificates-one valid for seven years (the "professional certificate") and the other for life (the "life diploma "). To obtain either of these the applicant must pass in the subjects required for a first-class county certificate and such other subjects as the State superintendent may demand, and have taught school two years or more, and satisfy the superintendent of his ability to teach and manage a school. The State superintendent issues State normal certificate to graduates of the State normal schools, also issues State certificates to graduates of colleges and universities who have taught in this State three years on first-grade certificates.

Every teacher shall keep a daily register of facts pertaining to his school and be responsible for it until delivered to the clerk of the school district, may suspend pupils until the case is decided by the board, is exempted from working on roads, nor shall the salary received be governed by the daily average attendance, if more than 10.

Preliminary training.-There are four normal schools-one for white men, one for white women, and two for colored persons. The object of the Hampton Normal School, as set forth in the charter, is to "instruct youth in the various common school, academic, and collegiate branches, the best methods of teaching the same, and the best mode of practical industry in its application to agriculture and the mechanic arts." The other school for colored persons is known as the Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, having a normal department, and an industrial department, and such other departments as may be expedient. It is managed by a board of four qualified persons (appointed by the governor) and the State superintendent.

The State female normal school is expressly for the training and education of white women for teachers in the public schools. It is under a board of trustees, of whom the State superintendent is one. The trustees may grant diplomas and certificates of proficiency to its graduates and pupils. Each city and county is entitled to send one pupil and one additional for each repre

sentative in the house of delegates above one. Each pupil is required to give satisfactory evidence of an intention to teach in the schools of the State for at least two years.

The college of William and Mary is authorized to establish, in connection with its collegiate course, a system of normal instruction and training for the purpose of educating and training white men for teaching for the public schools. It is governed by a board of 21 visitors, 10 of whom are appointed by the governor, with the State superintendent an ex officio member, who prescribe rules for the examination of those applying for normal instruction, and require satisfactory assurance from each pupil that it is his intention to teach at least two years in the public schools, and each pupil shall have the privilege of the college course without charge. Each county and city in the State shall be entitled to one pupil, who shall be nominated by the county superintendent, and one additional pupil for each additional representative in the house of delegates.

Fifty young men, between 16 and 25 years of age, residents of the State, are admitted to the Virginia Military Institute as State cadets, board and tuition free of charge, in consideration of which they are required to teach in some school in the State for two years. Bond is required to cover board and tuition until the fulfillment of this obligation.

For the purpose of establishing an intermediate grade of instruction between that of the common school and that of the college, any district school board, with the consent of the county school board, may admit branches necessary to qualify pupils to become teachers.

Meetings. The State board of education shall have power at its discretion to invite and encourage meetings of teachers at convenient places, and to procure addresses to be made touching the processes of school organization, discipline, and instruction; provided that no public money shall be expended for the purpose, and that no meeting shall be held during the time the schools should be open, nor shall any teacher be paid for attendance or be compelled to attend.

Summer normals.-The sum of $2,500 is annually appropriated for the support and maintenance of summer normal schools, to be conducted, under the management of the State board, at such times and places as the State superintendent may select. The purpose of such schools is to familiarize teachers with more advanced methods of teaching and to furnish such additional academic training as will tend to promote the usefulness of the public schools. Summer schools for colored teachers are provided from this appropriation, and the faculty of the Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute conduct a summer school four weeks annually for colored teachers.

3. SCHOOLS.

Attendance-Character of instruction-Text-books-Buildings.

Attendance.-White and colored children must be taught in different schools. The school age is 7 to 20, but persons 20 to 25 may be admitted on payment of tuition fees. Pupils must be vaccinated. An enrollment of at least 20 pupils, with a reasonable assurance of an average attendance of that number, shall be required to constitute a free public school, but in cases where this would work hardship the county superintendent may allow 15, and in case of a factious spirit on the part of one or a few persons which tends to reduce the attendance below the minimum the school may be kept open.

Character of instruction.—In every public free school shall be taught orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history of the United States and of Virginia, physiology and hygiene, and the State superintendent may introduce civil government and drawing. (But see below in regard to intermediary instruction.) In schools having not less than 40 pupils, with an average attendance of 30, at least two teachers shall be employed the whole time, one of whom shall be devoted to instruction in elementary branches; and in all localities where the number of children is sufficient preference shall be given to graded schools-schools in which the pupils are taught in different rooms by different teachers, according to advancement in the studies of the oneteacher school. To encourage an intermediate grade of instruction school boards of districts, when the county board has consented, may admit instruction in any branches necessary to qualify pupils for teaching in the public schools or to enter any of the colleges or higher institutions of the State; but a fee may be required, not exceeding $2.50 a month, for each pupil, and schools having but

one teacher and a daily session of five hours shall be confined to the elementary branches.

Text-books.-The State board shall select text-books, exercising its discretion as to books suitable for cities and counties, respectively. No book (except United States histories) may be changed inside four years. District boards shall decide what pupils shall be entitled to receive text-books free of charge owing to the poverty of their parents.

Buildings. The board of school trustees shall provide suitable schoolhouses, with proper furniture and appliances, in every district, and may hire, erect, or purchase such houses, observing the utmost economy consistent with health and decency, after consultation with the county or city superintendent as to the style of architecture and the arrangements of the buildings and grounds. Unsanitary buildings may be condemned by county superintendents. An unused building may be occupied by a person who desires to open a school, except when school funds are at hand to keep it open as a public school. To disturb any exercise of a school is a misdemeanor, subject to a fine of not less than $10 or more than $50, and, in the discretion of the court, confinement in jail for not more than thirty days.

4. FINANCES.

Funds (permanent or special)—Taxation.

The funds applicable annually to the establishment, support, and maintenance of free public schools shall be as follows:

State funds, embracing the annual interest on the literary fund (arising from the sale of public lands, forfeited property, and fines for offenses against the State), a capitation tax not exceeding $1 per annum on every male citizen of age, and such tax on property, not less than 1 mill nor more than 5 mills on the dollar, as the general assembly shall order.

County funds, embracing such taxes as shall be levied by the board of supervisors, fines imposed upon school officers, and donations.

District funds, embracing such taxes as shall be levied by the board of supervisors of the county, not to exceed 10 cents on the hundred dollars, for the purposes of the school district, and donations. [The county and district tax together shall not exceed 20 cents on the hundred dollars.]

Municipal funds, embracing such taxes, property, and capitation as may be levied by the city or town councils, or such appropriations as they may make, not exceeding 3 mills on the dollar in any year.

WASHINGTON.

1. ORGANIZATION.

State board-State superintendent-County superintendent-District board

City board.

State board. The governor shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, four suitable persons holding life diplomas, at least two of whom shall be selected from those actually engaged in teaching in the common schools of the State, who, together with the superintendent of public instruction, shall constitute the State board of education. The persons appointed shall hold their office for two years. The board shall hold an annual session at the capital and necessary special meetings. The members shall be paid for their services at the rate of $5 per diem of actual service, and shall be reimbursed for necessary traveling expenses; but the expenses of the board shall not exceed $1,000 in any one year. (See also Teachers-Appointment, qualifications, and duties; Schools-Character of instruction, Text-books.)

State superintendent.-There shall be elected by the qualified electors in the State, for a term of four years, a State superintendent of public instruction. His salary shall be $2,500. He shall have supervision over all matters pertaining to the common schools, shall report to the governor biennially, said report, of which 4,000 copies shall be printed, to contain a statement of the general condition of the common schools of the State, with full statistical tables, by counties, showing the number of schools and the attendance; the State and

county school fund apportioned; amount received from special tax or other sources, amount expended for salaries of teachers, the salaries paid by the several counties to the superintendent of schools, the amount they are paid for visiting schools, and their mileage; the amount expended for building and providing schoolhouses; the amount of bonded or other school indebtedness, with rate of interest paid; the reports of all State educational institutions, or such portions of them as he may think advisable, together with such other facts as he may deem of general interest. He shall also include in his report a statement of plans for the management and improvement of the schools. He shall prepare and superintend the printing and distribution to county superintendents of such blanks, forms, registers, blank books, and copies of the school law as may be necessary to the proper discharge of the duties of county superintendents, teachers, and all other school officers charged with the administration of the laws relating to common schools; also the rules and regulations for the use and government of the common schools, and the questions prepared for the examination of teachers. He shall, as far as possible, travel in the different counties of the State where common schools are taught, without neglecting his other official duties, for the purpose of visiting schools, consulting the county superintendents, and addressing public assemblages on subjects pertaining to common schools; also to open such correspondence as may enable him to obtain all necessary information relating to the system of common schools in other States. His traveling expenses and the actual amount expended for postage, stationery, and other expenses of his office at the capitol (in which he shall preserve the records of his office) shall be paid as are the incidental expenses of other State officers. He shall be ex officio president of the board of education. He shall, annually, on or before the 1st day of October, call a convention of county superintendents of this State, at such time and place as he may deem most convenient, for the discussion of questions pertaining to the supervision and administration of the school laws, and such other subjects affecting the welfare and interests of the common schools as may be properly brought before it. He shall, quarterly, apportion the State common school funds subject to apportionment among the several counties of the State, in proportion to the total days' attendance (provided that each school district shall be credited with 2,000 days' attendance), according to the last annual reports of the several county superintendents on file in his office at the time of making the apportionment. The attendance of a pupil in a school outside the resident district shall be credited to the resident district unless otherwise arranged between the districts or schools. He shall certify said apportionment to the State auditor, and upon said certification the State auditor shall draw his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of the county treasurer of each county for the amount apportioned to said county, and transmit the same to the several county treasurers. The superintendent of public instruction shall also certify to the county superintendent of schools of each county the amount apportioned to that county. It shall be the duty of the State auditor to notify the superintendent of public instruction of the amount of the State common school fund subject to apportionment. He shall, annually, on or before the 15th day of August, require of the president, manager, or principal of every seminary, academy, and private school, and of the president, principal, or manager of every State educational institution in this State, a report of such facts, arranged in such forms as he may prescribe; and he shall furnish blanks for such reports, and it is made the duty of every such president, manager, or principal to fill up and return such blanks within such time as the State superintendent may require. He shall keep a directory of the boards of regents and trustees of State educational institutions, of the faculties of said institutions, and of all teachers receiving certificates to teach in the common schools of the State. He may appoint a stenographer, a deputy superintendent, and such other assistants as the needs of his office may require (about $4,000 a year allowed for this purpose).

County superintendent.-A county superintendent of common schools shall be clected in each county every two years, and shall give bond. Vacancies snall be filled by the county commissioners. The superintendent may appoint a deputy and other necessary clerical assistants, but in counties having less than 100 districts such shall be at superintendent's own expense. He shall exercise a careful supervision over the common schools, visiting each at least once a year; distribute promptly all reports, laws, forms, circulars, and instructions received from the State superintendent; enforce the course of study adopted by the State board; preserve all reports made to him, and keep a record of the teachers, with all personal and pedagogical data; make an annual report to the State