exhibiting a notebook containing notes made in a typical analysis, and also by exhibiting specimens of the subjects actually analyzed by two students. In quantitative analysis much the same method was used. The emphasis laid upon special topics, such as the necessity of careful sampling, was shown by a section of segregated steel rail, on which was marked the analysis of the different parts. In proximate analysis the general character of the course was shown by a full analysis of asphalt and the interpretation of the results, while in sanitary analysis a full set of field apparatus for water analysis was shown with the chart, indicating the methods of use, together with typical specimens of water examined and reported upon by the students. The exhibit relating to the laboratory instruction in the preparation of organic compounds, and the methods employed for the identification of such compounds, was prepared in much detail - and illustrated. The course given at the institute is unique in its character and merited detailed presentation. The illustrative material for two lectures on industrial chemistry was shown, indicating how this branch of instruction is conducted, while the methods of instruction employed in the industrial chemical laboratory, since they lent themselves easily to the purpose, were somewhat elaborately illustrated. The method of carrying on the work was shown by representing specimens of raw material, then a photograph of the apparatus used, a working drawing (blueprint) of the apparatus designed for the experiment, and the entries in the student's notebook. At the end was shown a report of the whole experiment, giving cost sheets, estimate, and conclusions and recommendations. Other branches of the departmental instruction, such as sugar analysis, were similarly illustrated, and albums containing typical views were open to inspection, together with copies of the more important of the published works of members of the instructing staff.

The album for the course in civil engineering dealt principally with the problems of railroad location and structural design. Fourth-year bridge design was illustrated by many examples of original work by the students. The course in sanitary engineering was illustrated by designs for sewer sections and sewerage systems. There were also diagrams of hydraulic measurements made at Lowell, Mass., and elsewhere.

The album of the mining engineering department contained many photographs of the laboratories, showing the assaying room and the furnace room with all their different types of furnaces, the milling room with the gravity stamps, Frue vanner, and end-shake vanner, and the many individual machines for studying the principles of concentration of ores. There were also photographs showing the apparatus for studying chlorination, cyaniding and pan amalgamation. The summer schools, which have visited mines and furnaces in Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, were fully illustrated.

The album of the department of physics was devoted to photographs showing in detail the equipment of the laboratories of general physics, electrical measurements, heat measurements, acoustics, physical chemistry, electro-chemistry, and the physical library.

The album of the department of electrical engineering contained views of the large laboratory of electrical engineering, the standardizing laboratory, photometer, research and lecture rooms, and other photographs illustrating details of the methods of instruction and individual pieces of apparatus.

The album of the department of biology contained photographs of the laboratories of general biology, bacteriology, comparative anatomy and physiology, the library, the research laboratory, shop, and preparation room.

The album devoted to the work of the department of geology and mineralogy contained descriptions of the courses of instruction designed especially to meet

the needs of students in mining and civil engineering, chemistry, and biology, and also outlined a course of study for those who desire a more purely geological training, particularly along economic lines. There were photographs of lecture rooms, laboratories and their equipments, and several examples illustrative of the work done by students in the department, such as geological maps and sections.

PRATT INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N. Y.

BY ARTHUR L. WILLISTON.

THE EXHIBIT.

This exhibit was planned to show by charts and photographs and typical examples of students' work the scope and character of the instruction given at Pratt Institute; in brief, to describe an institution established to promote industrial education and to encourage the application of art and science to industry. The examples of students' work were exhibited to show how successful the work of the institute had been by following its very simple pedagogic creed, which, briefly stated, is this:

"Show men how to do something, and insist that they do it as well, as honestly, as economically, and as beautifully as it can be done-a rule to cover the conduct of all practical work.

"Show men why certain definite combinations of effort and material secure certain definite results, and insist that they grasp these simple fundamental principles and apply them for themselves--a rule to cover the conduct of all scientific and theoretical work that underlies the practical.”

The photographs of buildings and equipment were exhibited to show, as far as possible, the means and the methods that the institute had used to reach these results.

The seven buildings of the institute, with a floor space of more than 175,000 square feet, were shown by large photographs on the fronts of the wing frames in the center of the exhibit. Smaller photographs arranged in a frieze around the wall showed, in addition to the reading rooms and the lecture and recitation rooms at the institute, classes at work in laboratories, shops, or work

rooms.

The institute endowment funds amount to $2,500,000, and the buildings and grounds are valued at $1,235,000. The expense of operating the institute last year was $252,327.62. The income from tuition was $82.208.84, leaving a balance of $170,118.78, which was made up by the income from the endowment fund, and by several special contributions.

The exhibit showed the work of the institute classified under the following main heads: (a) Industrial education for men, (b) industrial education for women, (c) art education for men and women, (d) special education for teachers, (c) preparatory education for boys and girls, (f) department of libraries. Industrial education for men.-The portion of the Pratt Institute exhibit which was devoted to this subdivision of work was intended to illustrate as clearly as possible, in the small space that could be allotted to it, the following things:

First. By charts and statistics it was intended to illustrate the scope and praetical character of the two day courses intended for the training of men for positions of the grade of foreman in mechanical and electrical lines, the experience

and earnest character of the men who apply for admission to these courses, and the responsible positions which they obtain after graduation.

Second. By charts and photographs it was intended to illustrate the nine evening technical courses, which are intended for men employed in practical lines of work during the day. These included the following branches: Technical chemistry, applied electricity, steam and the steam engine, strength of materials, physics, mechanical drawing, machine design, mechanism design, and practical mathematics.

Third. By examples of student work and by photographs were illustrated the practical character of work, the high standard of skill in both the construction and finish, and the commercial methods employed in the evening trade courses in machine work, carpentry, pattern making, sign painting, fresco painting, and plumbing.

Fourth. Photographs and sample pieces of apparatus were shown to illustrate the nature and amount of the equipment which has been especially designed by instructors at the institute.

Fifth. Mimeograph texts and sample notebooks were exhibited to illustrate the original methods that have been employed by teachers at the institute.

The methods of instruction which were here illustrated, together with the methods which the teachers at the institute have employed for keeping the individuals in a class, all having a common purpose, but having quite a varied previous training and natural aptitude for their work, all interested and busy— each one accomplishing as much and advancing as rapidly as his individual abilities will permit-without allowing them to become so widely separated in their work as to make effective class instruction impossible, included some of the most important lessons taught by this portion of the exhibit.

Sixth. By tables and charts showing the growth of industrial education for men at the institute, the exhibit was intended to make manifest the great demand for trade and elementary technical education in America and the need for the establishment of more schools to undertake the same kind of work that is now being done at the Pratt Institute.

Industrial education for women.--By the same general method described under the head of industrial work for men, the exhibit exemplified the industrial work given by the institute for women. The work exhibited was planned to illustrate the following branches for women: Costume design, sewing, millinery, dressmaking, embroidery, and domestic science for dietitians, matrons, housekeepers, and probationary nurses.

This portion of the exhibit also illustrated the work of the evening classes in sewing, dressmaking, millinery, costume design, cookery, serving, and laundry work, and showed by charts of the courses of study and by examples of students' work how women employed during the day can, in these evening classes, advance themselves along the line of their regular work and fit themselves for better positions.

Art work for men and women.-The frieze about the top of the main exhibit, and the collection of studies shown in the art annex across the aisle from the main exhibit of the institute, showed typical examples of work done by students in the department of fine and applied arts, and the large glass case on the inain aisle contained a large collection of art metal work designed and executed by the students of the same department. These examples of students' work were supplemented by photographs of the studios and workrooms, by charts showing the courses of study, and by statistical records of the work of the graduates. The courses exhibited included those in illustration, life and portrait work, design and architecture, chasing, jewelry, and diesinking, and evening courses in free-hand drawing, life drawing, design, architectural drawing, wood carving, chasing, jewelry and diesinking, and clay and wax modeling.

- Special education for teachers.-This exhibit showed by photographs, charts, notebooks, examination papers, and students' work the character of the equipment in the laboratories and workrooms, the scope and aim of the courses of study, the methods of instruction, and the development of the individual student in the courses for the training of teachers in the fine arts, the fine arts and manual training, domestic art, domestic science, and kindergarten work. It also contained records of the practice teaching done by the normal students and records of their work after graduation.

Preparatory education for girls and boys.-This exhibit showed by photographs the equipment of the high school building, and by charts, notebooks, and students' work the high school course of study, the methods employed, and the results obtained from the students.

The library. The library exhibit included specimens of work done by the students in the library school, which offers two one-year courses for the training of librarians, and charts and statements illustrating the methods of work in the Pratt Institute Library of 77,126 volumes.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY.

THE EXHIBIT.

The exhibit of Purdue University occupied a booth 20 by 27 feet in area. The plan of the exhibit was to project a few notable features of the work of the institution in education and research, rather than to attempt a complete exposition of the university. The exhibit was designed and installed by mem bers of the faculty and employees of the institution.

A frieze of large photographs decorated the walls of the booth on three sides and showed the external characteristics of the buildings and grounds. The library case at the rear of the booth contained complete files of all official publications, of student publications, and representative specimens of writings of members of the faculty. A valuable feature of the exhibit was the collection of manuscript volumes setting forth full information as to the courses of instruction in all important subjects of the curriculum. These volumes described in detail all the features of the methods of administration of classes, departmental equipment, the scope and character of the teaching, with specimens of student work, taken from the current files. To the educator these volumes were the most valuable features of Purdue's exhibit.

In ten handsome cases were collected materials illustrating notable features of the work of various departments. From the material-testing laboratory was shown a collection of objects and photographs illustrating work performed in classes, as well as research in testing all kinds of constructive materials, notably concrete. There was a case displaying typical theses prepared by students in each school as a prerequisite to graduation. Another case was devoted to an interesting and unique series of models representing higher mathematical studies with relation to their application in engineering.

The department of biology supplied a case showing valuable research work in determining the microscopic structure of different varieties of timber as bearing on their economic value, this being illustrated by a series of unique photographs.

In practical mechanies were displayed series of specimens and photographs illustrating the methods and sequence in instruction in shop practice and drawing as a training for the engineer in the principles of mechanical construction.

Agriculture was represented by a case of charts, photographs, and apparatus showing the results of studies in sugar-beet culture and soil characteristics in the State; also methods of instruction in soil physics.

The department of engineering design presented a large collection of selected drawings and designs executed by students, including maps and designs for machines, bridges, railways, etc.

In physics and chemistry there was a case of photographs, models, and materials illustrating courses and methods of instruction. Methods of administering engineering laboratory instruction were shown in detail by collections of forms, reports, data sheets, and theses.

An attendant was present with the exhibit during most of the period of the exposition, and a register was provided for the names of visitors.

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.

THE EXHIBIT.

The exhibit of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition consists of photographs showing the work of graduates and drawings, maps, and graduating theses illustrating the work of students.

The photographs of the work designed by or constructed under the supervision of graduates illustrate some of the most notable engineering achievements both in this country and abroad. These include the longest suspension bridges, and many of the largest steel arch, cantilever, swing, and simply supported truss bridges ever built. There are also many views of large industrial plants, high office buildings, war ships, dry docks, steam and electric railroads; and the Ferris wheel, first erected in Chicago, is an unique example in engineering. Undergraduate work is illustrated by many bound volumes of drawings and maps. These drawings were selected from the regular class-room work, and the endeavor was made to have the work of as many different students as possible exhibited, thus showing the average quality of the drawings as well as the number required in each course. The bound volumes of graduation theses illustrate the variety of subjects selected by the students, and cover designs for bridges, waterworks, sewerage systems, power plants, and railroad and municipal improvements.

MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL OF WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY.

BY DR. C. M. WOODWARD, DIRECTOR.

HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION.

The charter of this school was adopted June 17, 1879. The school opened in September, 1880.

The object of the school was threefold: (1) To furnish a more appropriate foundation for higher technical education; (2) to serve as a developing school where pupils could discover their inborn capacities and aptitudes; (3) to furnish to those who look forward to industrial life opportunity to become familiar with tools, materials, methods of construction, and exact drawing.