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SEC. 1736. They shall at their regular meeting in March of each year require the secretary to file with the county superintendent, county auditor and county treasurer, each, a certificate of the election, qualification and post office address of the president, treasurer, and secretary of the district township, and to advise them from time to time of any changes made in said offices by appointment.

SEC. 1737. They shall make such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the direction and restriction of subdirectors in the discharge of their official duties, and not inconsistent with law.

SEC. 1738. A majority of the board of directors shall be a quorum to transact business, but a less number may adjourn from time to time, and no tax shall be levied by the board after the third Monday in May; nor shall the boundaries of subdistricts be changed except by a vote of the offense, but to the offender. Corporal punishment is a severe remedy, and its use should be reserved for the baser faults. S. L. Decisions, 48.

20. In 50 Iowa, 145, the suggestion is made that expulsion by the board rather than severe corporal punishment by the teacher, is a good remedy in case of a repeated violation of the rules.

SEC. 1736. It is very important that the secretary should file the certificate with the county officers named, immediately after the regular meeting of the board in March and September, otherwise funds belonging to the district may be paid to persons not authorized to receive them. Whenever a change is made the county officers should be notified. Form 15.

SEC. 1737. These rules should be carefully prepared, adopted by the board and recorded, and each subdirector should be furnished with a copy. They may properly provide all restrictions, not in conflict with law, which the board may see fit to adopt for the guidance of subdirectors. They may direct that a subdirector may not teach his own school; that no contracts shall be made by him which do not expire with the school year; and that he may not engage as teacher a near relative or a connection unless he has obtained the previous consent of a majority of the board, nor employ any teacher to whom a majority of the electors or patrons object in writing. Section 1753, and notes.

SEC. 1738. 1. As to the proper course to pursue when the board is reduced below a quorum, see note 9 to section 1730.

2. In the absence of a direct provision of law, or of a by-law requiring a majority vote of all the board, or one providing that the highest vote shall carry, or a rule imposing some other limitation upon the board, a majority of the votes cast, a quorum being present, will carry a measure.

3. Our supreme court has held that the provision of this section that no tax shall be levied by the board after the third Monday in May, is mandatory, and that a tax voted after that time is void. 73 Iowa, 304. This decision renders it essential that boards act promptly, and see that all taxes are determined and certified within the time required by law. Section 1777.

4. A change of subdistrict boundaries is illegal and void, unless made by a majority of the whole board.

5. Any compensation paid to any other member of the board than the secretary and treasurer, for the performance of official duties, is in direct opposition to the law, and an open violation of the oath of office. For locating sites, or receiving buildings on the completion of contracts, a member clearly cannot receive pay.

majority of the board, nor shall the members of the board, except its secretary and treasurer, receive pay out of any school funds for services rendered under this chapter.

CHAPTER 64, LAWS OF 1874.

INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS IN SCHOOLS.

SECTION 1. It shall be the duty of the board of directors of independent school districts, and the subdirector of each subdistrict, if they should deem it expedient, under the direction of the county superintendent, to introduce and maintain an industrial exposition in connection with each school under their control within this state..

SEC. 2. These expositions shall consist of useful articles made by the pupils, such as samples of sewing, and cooking of all kinds, knitting, crocheting, and drawing, iron- and wood-work of all kinds, from a plain box or horseshoe to a house or steam engine in miniature; also, all other useful articles known to the industrial world, or that may be invented by the pupils, in connection with farm and garden products in their season, that are the results of their own toil.

SEC. 3. The pupils shall be required to explain the use and method of their work, and kind and process of culture of farm and garden prod

ucts.

SEC. 4. The parents and friends of pupils shall be allowed and requested to be present at said expositions.

SEC. 5. Ornamental work shall be encouraged when accompanied by something useful made by the same pupil.

SEC. 6. These expositions shall be held in the school room upon a school day as often as once a term, and not oftener than once a month.

CHAPTER 23, LAWS OF 1882.

REQUIRING BOARDS TO SET TREES ON SCHOOL GROUNDS.

SECTION 1. The board of directors of each district township and independent district, shall cause to be set out and properly protected, twelve 6. A member may not be employed by the board to oversee the building of a school-house and receive pay therefor, or to act in any like capacity for which he would be paid from the funds of the district. Such engagement is contrary to public policy and clearly illegal. 78 Iowa, 37.

7. The board may receive and act upon communications from persons selected outside the board to report upon matters referred to such persons as a committee. 8. An official trust cannot be delegated. Neither the board nor any member may appoint a substitute to perform the official duties of a member or of the board.

9. A vote may be rescinded, if matters have not become involved making such reconsideration impossible, such as the acceptance of a contract under the vote in question, or the filing of an appeal.

or more shade-trees on each school-house site belonging to the district, where such number of trees are not now growing, and such expense shall be paid from the contingent fund.

SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the county superintendent in visiting the several schools in his county, to call the attention of any board of directors neglecting to comply with the requirements of this statute, and the required number of shade-trees shall be planted as soon thereafter as the season will admit.

SEC. 3. That section 1745, of the Code, be amended by adding an additional item at the end of said section, as follows: 12. The number of trees set out and in thrifty condition on each school-house grounds.

CHAPTER 149, LAWS OF 1882.

(As amended by Chap. 107, Laws of 1886.)

ENABLING BOARDS TO INSURE SCHOOL PROPERTY.

SECTION 1. The board of directors of all school districts, organized under any of the laws of this state, may use unappropriated contingent funds for the purpose of effecting an insurance on the school property of their district; but they may contract no debts for this purpose.

CHAPTER 103, LAWS OF 1884.

PROHIBITING BARB WIRE AROUND SCHOOL-HOUSES.

SECTION 1. It is hereby made the duty of the board of directors of every independent district and of every district township, to remove before the first day of September, A. D. 1884, any barb wire fence enclosing in whole or part any public school grounds in such district, and it is also made the duty of any person owning or controlling any barbed wire fence within ten feet of any public school grounds to remove the same within the time herein above named.

SEC. 2. Hereafter barb wire shall not be used in enclosing in whole or in part any public school building or the grounds upon which the same may stand; and no barbed wire shall be used for a fence or other purpose within ten feet of any public school ground.

SEC. 3. For a failure or neglect on the part of any board of directors of any independent district, or of any district township to carry out the provisions of this act, any member of such board shall be fined, on conviction, not exceeding twenty-five dollars, any person violating the provisions of this act shall, on conviction thereof, be fined not exceeding twenty-five dollars.

CHAPTER 1, LAWS OF 1886.

TEACHING AND STUDY OF EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND STIMULANTS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM.

SECTION 1. Physiology and hygiene, which must in each division of the subject thereof include special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics upon the human system, shall be included in the branches of study now and hereafter required to be regularly taught to and studied by all pupils in common schools and in all normal institutes, and normal and industrial schools, and the schools at the soldiers' orphans' home and home for indigent children.

SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of all boards of directors of schools and of boards of trustees, and of county superintendents in the case of normal institutes, to see to the observance of this statute and make provision therefor and it is especially enjoined on the county superintendent of each county that he include in his report to the superintendent of public instruction the manner and extent to which the requirements of

CHAPTER 1, LAWS OF 1886.

SECTION 1. 1. The words regularly taught are construed to mean, as other branches are taught. They do not mean that a scholar must necessarily study this branch continuously during his entire school life, unless the course of study adopted by the board so provides.

2. This study must begin in the lowest primary class. In what grade or class it shall be completed is to be determined by the board.

3. Primary classes must be instructed orally, as the children are not old enough to use or comprehend a book. But this oral instruction must be outlined as a course, and adopted by each board.

4. The portion assigned to each grade or class should be thoroughly mastered before more advanced work is entered upon.

5. The work will be best accomplished with the older scholars by the use of a suitable text-book, which it is the duty of every board to select and adopt.

6. The board may forbid the use of tobacco on the school grounds.

7. Teachers should be careful to give instruction in accordance with the spirit of the law. The law contemplates that the effects upon the system of the user of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics, shall be taught. Many other harmful effects, very properly emphasized in public lectures, are not required to be taught in the class-room. It is not out of place to emphasize the truth that total abstinence is the only sure way to escape the evils arising from the use of alcoholic drinks and tobacco.

SEC. 2. 1. Boards cannot shift the responsibility by simply providing that teachers shall give instruction in this branch, They must see to it that the work is actually done by the teachers, as the law requires.

2. In normal institutes, efficient and earnest instructors should be employed. Charts and other appliances should be amply provided. Physicians and scientists may be invited to lecture, and teachers should be exhorted to be sincere, fearless, and faithful in the discharge of their duty.

section one of this act are complied with in the schools and institutes under his charge, and the secretary of school boards in cities and towns is especially charged with the duty of reporting to the superintendent of public instruction as to the observance of said section one hereof, in their respective town and city schools, and only such schools and educational institutions reporting compliance, as above required, shall receive the proportion of school funds or allowance of public money to which they would be otherwise entitled.

SEC. 3. The county superintendent shall not after the 1st day of July, 1887, issue a certificate to any person who has not passed a satisfactory examination in physiology and hygiene with especial reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics upon the human system, and it shall be the duty of the county superintendent as provided by section 1771, to revoke the certificate of any teacher required by law to have a certificate of qualification from the county superintendent, if the said teacher shall fail or neglect to comply with section one of this act, and said teacher shall be disqualified for teaching in any public school for one year after such revocation, and shall not be permitted to teach without compliance.

PRESIDENT.

SECTION 1739. (As amended by Chap. 46, Laws of 1882.) The president shall preside at all meetings of the board of directors of independent districts and of the district townships, shall draw all drafts on the county treasury for money apportioned to his district, sign all orders on the treasury, specifying in each order the fund on which it is drawn and the

3. Every scholar must study physiology and hygiene, including the effects of stimulants and narcotics, until the outline upon that branch, as prepared by the board, has been completed.

4. Blanks will be furnished to school officers, from time to time, to enable them to make the reports required by this chapter.

SEC. 3. 1. To teach a special branch, a person may receive a certificate for that study only, and is not required also to be examined as herein provided for teachers in general.

2. County superintendents should know that every teacher is complying fully with this statute, and any teacher failing or refusing to teach as required, should not be permitted to continue in the work of teaching.

SEC. 1739. 1. The president of the board must take the oath of office according to article 11, section 5, of the constitution of Iowa.

2. There is no provision of law which gives any other member or officer of the board the power to administer the oath of office to the president elect.

3. The president has the right to vote on all questions coming before the board. If by such vote a tie is produced, the motion is lost. Sections 1721 and 1802.

4. An order on the district treasury may not be signed except by authority of the board. Sections 1733 and notes, and notes 4 and 5 to section 1743.

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