the institutions and society of every uncivilized nation of the globe. The cotton manufacture of Great Britain may almost be said to date its commencement, as a branch of national industry and commerce, with Arkwright's invention in spinning machinery, soon followed, as it was, by Cartwright's invention of the power loom. Before Arkwright's invention, the whole annual amount of the cotton manufacture of Great Britain did not exceed £200,000; now it amounts to forty millions of pounds per annum! Then the raw cotton manufactured amounted to about four millions of pounds per annum; it now exceeds two hundred millions! Aided by this machinery, one person can now perform the work of two hundred and sixty-six persons before its invention. And if Arkwright's spinning machinery invention has added to the manufacturing industry of Great Britain what is equal to the labour of forty millions of human beings-twice the entire population-Watt's inventions and improvements in the steam engine, in its application to the manufactures alone, adds the power of more than one million of men, and, in connection with other machinery, performs an amount of labour, according to Dr. Buckland's estimate, "equivalent to that of three or four hundred millions of men by direct labour," besides its achievements on the continent of Europe and in the United States, in almost every branch of mechanical and manufacturing industry-and besides its navigation of the rivers and oceans and seas of the whole globe-thus changing the social condition of man. Take another illustration in the bleaching of linens and cottons. Formerly this was a process of six or eight months duration; and so little was it understood in Great Britain, that nearly all the British manufactured linens and cottons were sent to Holland, and bleached upon the fields around Haarlem. But by the application of chlorine, the property of which to destroy vegetable colours was discovered by a Swedish philosopher in 1774, the process of several months is reduced to that of a few hours.

And what advantages have accrued to mankind from Franklin's brilliant discovery of the identity of the lightning of the clouds, and the electricity produced by a piece of silk-rubbed sealing-wax-in consequence of which the thunder cloud is rendered harmless; and this very electricity is now employed as the medium of thought, with the rapidity of thought, between distant cities and countries. As late as 1789, a hope was expressed by the Southern members of the American Congress, that cotton might be grown in the Southern States, provided good seed could be procured. Shortly after, a Connecticut mechanic by the name of Whitney invented the Cotton-gin, for separating the seed from the fibre-an invention which has trebled the value of all cottongrowing lands in the Southern States, while it has given birth to a most important branch of American commerce and manufacture. How many thousands of lives have been saved by the safety-lamp of Sir Humphrey Davy; and how much are our comforts increased and our interests advanced by the discovery of carburetted hydrogen gas, by which common coal is made the brilliant illuminator of our streets, our shops, and dwellings.

And while there is an unmeasured field of improvement and prosperity spread out before us in the landscape of the future, we are not to suppose that there remains nothing for us to achieve in the field of discovery and invention. The steam-engine itself may be but in the infancy of its perfection; the locomotion of the present may be but a snail's speed to the locomotion of the future; and the most admired inventions and machinery of the present age may be thrown aside as useless in comparison of the inventions and machinery of a coming age. Unknown principles, and elements, and powers, now mysteriously operating around us, may be to our descendants what the mechanical agencies of air and steam are to us; and the past progress in the arts and sciences may be only the introduction to future advancement. May Canada share largely in the honors and benefits of that advancement; and may the generations of

future ages rank many of her mechanic sons with the Watts and Arkwrights, the Franklins and Fultons of past ages!

XII. DUTIES OF EDUCATED MEN IN CANADA.

(From an Address at a Convocation of McGill College, July, 1856, by the Principal, J. W. Dawson, Esq., LL.D.)

Every educated man should endeavor to add something to the extent of human knowledge or wisdom by original investigation. Many men, amidst the pressure of professional pursuits and of narrow circumstances, have toiled to accumulate those treasures by which your own minds have been enriched. The wide fields of literature and of abstract and applied science lie before you; select some favorable spot, cultivate in your leisure moments, and you may hope to repay to those who follow you some portion of that debt which you owe to those who have gone before.

Further, every educated man should be an educationist. Regard all other Universities as kindred institutions, laboring in the same great cause. Nor should you neglect the interests of the humbler sources of learning. Good common and grammar schools nourish our colleges, and colleges foster the schools; and both united furnish the best means for the real elevation of any people. Let it be your endeavor to maintain large and enlightened views on this subject in opposition to the narrow prejudices which tend to excite division where there should be the most complete unity of effort.

Every educated man should also be a man of public spirit, taking a warm interest in all that tends to promote the material, social, or political welfare of his country; and it is especially your duty to all in your power to develope, in this country, those British political institutions, which, in their happy combination of security with progress, so far excel those of all other ages and nations, and which it seems the special province of Canada to work out in their application to new circumstances and conditions.

Lastly, allow me earnestly to urge a supreme regard to our holy christian faith. It is one of the most lamentable of all spectacles to behold a young man of liberal education and of respectable abilities, with high hopes and prospects, burying all in the mire of intemperance and sensuality; and it is almost as sad to see such a man looking with cold unconcern on his highest spiritual interests, or joining the scoffer in his ridicule of the sacred things which he does not comprehend. I trust that you, on the other hand, will endeavour to attain to that highest style of man, the Christian gentleman, earnest and zealous in every good work, forbearing under provocation, humble in every position in which he may be placed, cherishing in his heart the love of his God and his Saviour. May God grant that this may be realised in you, and that useful, honoured, and happy lives may conduct you to a glorious immortality.

XIII. YOUNG MEN OF CANADA, THE HOPE OF THE COUNTRY.

(From an Address at Hamilton, July, 1856, by the Rev. William Ormiston, M.A.)

What a large wide happy home is the land we live in! We have found it a goodly land, and have no sympathy with those who love it not! There is no piety, no genuine Christianity, in the heart of him who does not love his country, native or adopted! He cannot be a true, large, leal-hearted man, who looking through the vista of coming years, does not hope to see his own country grow greater and more glorious; and he is no true Canadian who does not cry, in the words emblazoned on my left, "Peace and Prosperity to Canada." There are those around me, doubtless, who sympathise with the poet who wrote these lines a few years ago:

"They say thy hills are bleak,

They say thy glens are bare

But oh! they know not what fond hearts

Are nurtured there.

"Scotland! I love thee well,

Thy dust is dear to me

This distant land is very fair,

But not like thee."

It matters not on what line of latitude or longitude it may be, one's native land should be the dearest, sweetest, and most hallowed spot on this side of heaven. Canada, our country! we love it; and because we love it, we wish you, young men, to be worthy of it. Our fathers have done much. They came from almost every country beneath the sun. They were a varied people; and we are, to some extent, varied still. Their national, educational, and ecclesiastical prejudices were varied. They had but one thing to bind them together;-the deep fertile soil beneath their feet, and the clear canopy of the bright blue sky above their heads. Pioneers in this goodly land, some have found a home-many only a grave, and on the resting-place of these we should tread lightly, doing reverence to their ashes, and living so as to honor them. With you, young men, I arm for the conflict, and gird myself for the coming struggle. We are the strength of the country. Upon us it depends whether, in twenty years, this country shall be progressive, and rise to assume its own just place in the heraldry of nations, and have the proud boast of possessing a God-fearing people; whether it shall become a dark spot in the geography of the world, and, by and by, vanish altogether; or whether intelligence and industry shall place Canada in the vanguard of nations.

XIV. HOME AND THE DOMESTIC AFFECTIONS.

(From an Address at Ottawa, July, 1856, by the Rev. Mr. Johnston, of that City.) Home is the paradise of this terrestrial life. For there it is where all that is great and good, all that is noble and refined, all that permanently fits man for the fulfilment of the object of his creation ought first to be imparted to his thoughts, and interwoven with his affections and his desires. Other institutions of life may be good, but it is the well regulated institution of domestic life, and the proper government of home, that most deeply and permanently affects the well-being of mankind. Where the institutions of home government are defective, in vain will be the enactment of wholesome laws, or the efforts of an active police, or the establishment of public educational institutions, or the unsheathed sword of military power. On the other hand, where the fountains of moral life are purified by the principles inculcated at home, though other laws of society may be defective, and other institutions either faulty or inoperative—yet, like the waters of a stream issuing from a pure fountain, the manners of a people may now and again become partially polluted, but the stream which continues to flow from the fountain will wash the defilement away. Then may we not be permitted to assume that among the first and most imperative duties of man, after the worship he owes to his Maker, is the proper cultivation and government of the domestic affections and relations of life. Happy are the people whose religion inculcates, as a duty, the sacred obligations of social life. Happy are the people whose public laws give countenance and support to such teachings of religion. Happy are the people whose rulers set the example of reverence, for such teachings, and obedience to such laws. And truly blest is that nation, where, gathered around the domestic hearths of its palaces and its cottages, are a people who revere the pure, the hallowed, and the ennobling affections of parents and children, and all the domestic relations of home." It is true, the happiness, prosperity, and strength of a nation spring from those fountains which have their sources at the hearthstones of the people. If

these sources are not true to nature,—if the affections of domestic life are not cherished at these firesides, then must that nation take an inferior rank in comparison with others, whose soldiers fight for home, their altars, and their firesides.

And who can doubt that the happiness of mankind is not essentially interwoven with the domestic affections. In earliest childhood it is seen. That happy little group collected on their play-ground, or around their toys, whose joyous laugh, whose faces, radiant with delight, prove that they find exquisite pleasure in their sports-enjoy their pleasure only while affection or kindness regulates their play. And if some angry word, some passionate blow, inflict pain or grief upon the child, where does he go for comfort? -to his mother. In her arms, her loving voice, her fond caress, her consoling words quickly sooth him, and before the tear-drop has vanished from his eye, the last remnant of grief has flowed from his breast. Happy child to have a mother to fly to-happy mother, whose magic can charm her darling's grief away. And here, amidst this joy, let us drop one tear of sorrow over those little ones who have none on earth whom they can call father or mother, whose orphan childhood must receive sympathy and sustenance from the hands and hearts of strangers. Yet they have a friend, who hath said, "leave thy fatherless children to me; I will take care of them." To such the eye of pity and the hand of affection should be extended.

And, in your hours of play, brothers, do not think that because you are stronger it is unmanly to be gentle to your little brothers and sisters. True nobleness of heart and true manliness of conduct are never coupled with pride and arrogance. When I see a young man kind and respectful to his mother, and gentle and forbearing to his sisters, I think he has a noble heart.

XV. LOYALTY TO THE QUEEN,

(Extract from a Speech at Toronto, in 1844, by the Hon. William Young of Nova Scotia.) Our attachment to the Queen, our own Victoria, is mingled with a tenderness not inconsistent with the sterner sentiment, which it softens and embellishes without enervating. Let her legitimate authority as a constitutional Monarch; let her reputation as a Woman be assailed, and notwithstanding the lamentation of Burke that the age of chivalry was past, thousands of swords would leap from their scabbards to avenge her. Ay, and they would be drawn as freely, and wielded as vigorously and bravely in Canada or in Nova Scotia, as in England. Loyalty, love of British Institutions! They are engrafted in our very nature; they are part and parcel of ourselves; and I can no more tear them from my heart (even if I would, and lacerate all its fibres,) than I would sever a limb from my body.

XVI, THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS.

(From the Toronto Globe, December, 1855.)

How little is known of the "pre-historic annals" of Canada! A belief that there settled on the shores of the great lakes, about the time of the Revolution, a number of men and women distinguished by the name of the American Loyalists, is the sum of the knowledge on the subject possessed by many in Canada. What brought them here, whence they came, how they did, what they suffered, are questions seldom asked, and seldom answered. Nor shall we reply to them further than by saying, that these people were devoted subjects of the British Crown, who would not and did not join in the war of Independence, but took up arms for the United Empire, and who, when the victory went with the colonists, refused to abandon their allegiance, suffered the confiscation of all their earthly goods, and went forth, in 1783, to seek a home in the wilderness of

Canada. No bar sinister stains their escutcheon. They were men of whom we need not be ashamed. The United Empire Loyalists form an ancestry of which any people might be proud. They had every characteristic which can go to constitute an enduring substratum for a coming nation. They were men, of whom the descendants of contemporary foes now utter disinterested eulogies. Respecting them even prejudice is dead, and the grand-child of the Revolutionist can now speak generously of the political opponents of his ancestors in the land where their honor was tried as in a crucible. They are our Pilgrim Fathers. They are our heroes. They were martyrs to their principles. Believing that a monarchy was better than a republic, and shrinking with abhorrence from a dismemberment of the empire, they were willing, rather than lose the one and endure the other, to bear with a temporary injustice. And their sincerity was put to the test. They took up arms for the king; they passed through all the dangers and horrors of civil war; they bore what was worse than death itself-the hatred of their countrymen; and when the battle went against them, they sought no compromise, but forsaking their most splendid possessions, upreared the banner to which they had sworn fealty, and, following where it led, went forth to seek, on the then inhospitable shores of Ontario, a miserable shelter, in exchange for the home from which they were exiled. Nor did they ever draw back. The Indian, the wolf, the famine, could not alter their iron resolution; and for their allegiance, they endured a thousand deaths. They lost every treasure but their honor, and bore all sufferings but those which spring from selfreproach. It may be said by some, that all men now admit the revolt of the American Colonies to have been a just one. And such we believe it was. But if George the Third played the tyrant, that makes nothing against our loyalist fathers. They were not tyrants, but faithful subjects; and we are bound to believe that they acted conscientiously, for their lives and fortunes were staked on the issue of the contest. As provincials, they had the right to make what choice they pleased. The dispute affected themselves. They might be in error as to the use of the prerogative, but that creed cannot be a tyrannical one, by which we will to manage our own affairs. A man cannot be a tyrant to himself. George the Third acted despotically; but the Loyalist Fathers were of another mind; and in acting upon their convictions in the very face of ruin, we know that they were sincere.

In reality these men need no defence. But as some view the history of that period in another light, and condemn all who, two generations back, did not think with themselves, we deem it not an idle thing to vindicate the Heroes of the Province from the unjust remarks which have often been made about them, and to urge their claims on our filial respect. It will be remembered, too, by all Canadians, that these men's deeds have been narrated by their enemies. But this will not do. The Loyalists are our own men—our forefathers. Their reputation is ours. We must put ourselves, therefore, in their circumstances, defend them where we can, and honor them always. Nor in doing so, is there any need for us to abandon any principle. We have nothing to do with the points in which we differ. It is our business to honor them for those in which we are agreed. The Americans have set us an example in this direction. Their Puritan Fathers are held in perpetual remembrance. Men make pilgrimages to the place where they landed, and Plymouth Rock is now their monument. And yet the American people do not agree in every iota with these worthies. There are many who see in their principles room for difference, and in their conduct, some things to censure. Precisely similar should be our treatment of our loyalist fathers. There are points in which we differ from the opinions which they held seventy years ago, but we can all agree in admiring their attachment to the Mother Country, and the patient sincerity with which they suffered for their loyalty. Thus we should venerate them. Nor can we believe that the growing intelligence of the Province will fail to produce some one patriotic enough to