would not only oblige myself, but some far better A. A. Romano-British antiquaries than

At

Minar Queries with Answers. "As wise as the women of Mungret." Mungret, not far from Limerick, was a monastic foundation, of which the Psalter of Cashel gives an almost incredible account: that it had "within its walls six churches, containing, exclusive of scholars, 1500 religious, 500 of whom were learned preachers, 500 psalmists, and the remaining 500 wholly applied themselves to spiritual exercises." What is the meaning of the proverb, "As wise ABHBA. as the women of Mungret?" [This saying is thus explained by Ferrar in his History of Limerick (ed. 1787), p. 186.:

"A deputation was sent from the college at Cashel to this famous seminary at Mungret in order to try their skill in the languages. The heads of the house of Mungret were somewhat alarmed lest their scholars should receive a defeat, and their reputation be lessened. They, therefore, thought of a most humorous expedient to prevent the contest, which succeeded to their wishes. They habited some of their young students like women, and some of the monks like peasants, in which dresses they walked a few miles to meet the strangers at some distance from each other. When the Cashel professors approached, and asked any question about the distance of Mungret, or the time of the day, they were constantly answered in Greek or Latin; which occasioned them to hold a conference, and determined them not to expose themselves at a place where even the women and peasants could speak Greek and Latin."]

Tenbose. In Wynkyn de Worde's Stans Puer ad Mensam (no date but 1518, 1524) is the follow ing passage (fifth stanza):

"Grennyng and mowes at ye table eschewe; Crye not to lowde, kepe honestly scilence; Tenbose thy Jowes with mete it is not dewe; With full mouth speke not, lest thou do offence." What can be the meaning of the word tenbose? I do not find anything like it in any of the A. A. glossaries. [By tenbose the author probably meant t'enbose, that is, to enbose. Halliwell gives us " Enboce. To fill out. (A.N.)." In this view of the word it is nearly equivalent to emboss, in the old sense of causing to bulge out.

"Tenbose thy Jowes with mete it is not dewe." Take dewe, or due, in the old signification of right, proper, fitting (It. dovuto), and the sense of the line will be," It is unbecoming to over-fill thy mouth with food."]

Francis Kirkman.-What is known of this individual, who appears to have kept a bookseller's shop in the metropolis during the latter part of the seventeenth century? S. W. BROWN.

[Francis Kirkman, who styled himself Citizen of London, was noted for publishing plays, farces, and drolls. He dealt as largely in drollery of various kinds as Curll did in bawdry and biography. Kirkman, indeed, had no objection to trading in the former commodity, if he thought it would turn the penny. He has given us an

epitome of his own chequered and eventful life in a work entitled The Unlucky Citizen experimentally described in various Misfortunes of an Unlucky Londoner, with a portrait and curious engravings, 8vo. 1673. He also published The Wits, or Sport upon Sport: in Selected Pieces of Drollery digested into Scenes by way of Dialogue. In Two Parts, 8vo. 1672, with his head prefixed, and inscribed F. K., Citizen of London. Kirkman was in partnership with Richard Head, and verily they were a worthy pair. Arcades ambo! Head's work, The English Rogue, was so licentious that he could not procure an imprimatur until some of the grosser descriptions were expunged.]

Bishop Brownrig.-Will any of your clerical friends oblige me with some information as to the Bishop Brownrig of whom Dr. Fuller, in his British Worthies, pays the high compliment of saying that "He carried so much in numerato (ready cash) about him in his pockets for any dis-. course, and had much more at home, in his chest, JAMES ELMES. for any serious dispute"?

[Most of our biographical dictionaries contain some account of Bishop Brownrig; but especially Kippis's Biog. An inBritannica, which appears carefully compiled. teresting notice of this prelate will also be found in the Autobiography of Matthew Robinson, edited by J. E. B. Dr. Gauden, his sucMayor, M.A., pp. 71. 130-146.

cessor in the see of Exeter, published Memorials of Bishop Brownrig, at the end of his Funeral Sermon, Lond. 1660, 8vo.]

Rev. F. W. Robertson. — At what University was the Rev. Frederick W. Robertson, M.A., educated? whose beautiful sermons, preached at Trinity Chapel, Brighton, have so lately been published. I think he died in 1854 or 1855. I cannot find his name either in the Oxford, Cambridge, or Dublin calendar, prior to that time.

S. C. O.

[Mr. Robertson matriculated at Brazenose College, Oxford, and graduated B. A. 1841, M. A. 1844. He died on August 15, 1853; and a short account of him is given in The Gentleman's Mag., Oct. 1853, p. 419., and some particulars of his monument in the same periodical for Oct. 1855, p. 396.]

Clapper of Lazarus.-John Aubrey says:"Item, a mill-clack, or clapper of Lazarus." J. What is the meaning of this?

[This singular phrase occurs in Hollyband's French and English Dictionarie, 4to., 1593: "Le Cliquet de l'huis, the hammer or ring of a doore: also, a lazarous clapper." Cotgrave also notices the phrase: "Cliquet, a lazers clicket, or clapper." Such clappers or clack-dishes were originally used by lepers to warn other persons not to approach them. They are frequently alluded to in In the Dutch ballad, popular ballads and romances. "Verholen Minne," we read:

"Die dagelijks mijn willetje doen, En klinken de lazerus bellen." In the German metrical version of the Seven Wise Masters a leporous king is spoken of as going

"Mit seinem stabe unde klepperlin."

See Hoffman's Hora Belgica, Pars II. Hollandische Volklieder, where it is said that the best account of the life of the lepers is that by Grimm in his Arme Heinrich. Nares tells us that in a curious account of the escape of

Cornelius Agrippa, taken from one of his Epistles, a boy who is to personate a lazar is "leprosorum clapello adornatus," furnished with a clap-dish like a leper, which has such an effect, that the rustics fly from him as from a serpent, and throw their alms upon the ground. He afterwards returns to his employers "clapello præsentiam suam denuncians."]

Replies.

AN ASSAILANT OF THE MATHEMATICAL
SCIENCES.

(2nd S. vi. 125. 176.)

As more readers than one may feel curiosity on this subject, I think it desirable to give the instance, with its proof, at length. The question asked is whom and what I meant when I said that an assailant of the mathematical sciences, of no mean name, was so little versed in the meaning of the most elementary terms that, in an attempt of his own to be mathematical, he first declares two quantities to be one and the same quantity, and then proceeds to state that of these two identical quantities the greater the one the less is the

other.

:

denominated quantities, are, in reality, one and the same
quantity, viewed in counter relations and from opposite
ends. Nothing is the one, which is not, pro tanto, the other.
In Breadth the supreme genus (A, A, &c.) is, as
ap-
pears, absolutely the greatest whole; an individual (z)
absolutely the smallest part; whereas the intermediate
classes are each of them a relative part or species, by re-
ference to the class and classes above it; a relative whole
or genus, by reference to the class or classes below it.
In Depth: the individual is absolutely the greatest whole,
the highest genus is absolutely the smallest part; whilst
every relatively lower class or species, is relatively a greater
whole than the class, classes, or genera, above it. - The
two quantities are thus, as the diagram represents, precisely
the inverse of each other. The greater the Breadth, the less
the Depth; the greater the Depth, the less the Breadth and
each, within itself, affording the correlative differences of
whole and part, each therefore, in opposite respects, con-
tains and is contained."

From this we collect that,
"Breadth and Depth are

"The greater the Breadth
in reality one and the same the less the Depth: the
quantity."
greater the Depth, the less
the Breadth."

There is some reiteration of the same ideas, which I need not quote. Neither shall I here enter on the discussion of the notion which Sir William Hamilton attached to the word quantity. This I have done, slightly, in a paper on logic which will appear in the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions, vol. x. part i., not yet out: and I shall probably have to enter yet further into the subject. A. DE MORGAN.

[We are obliged to PROFESSOR DE MORGAN for this Reply, and equally so for his abstaining from a "discus

The writer in question is the late Sir William Hamilton of Edinburgh, a man of no mean name, and an assailant of the mathematical sciences. The places in which the fault is committed are in the Discussions on Philosophy, 1st ed. p. 644*. 2nd ed. p. 699. Before proceeding to quote the passage, I must explain that the distinguished sion of the notion which Sir W. Hamilton attached to the writer is dealing with the two logical quantities, word quantity;" such discussions being obviously better more commonly called extension and comprehen-suited to the pages of the Cambridge Philosophical Transsion, but which he prefers to call breadth and depth. actions than those of " N. & Q."] Here breadth refers to the number of species contained under a genus; depth to the number of more simple notions contained under a more complex notion. Thus animal is a term having breadth; it has various species. It has also depth: the notion contains notions. Put more depth into the term; put on, for example, the notion quadruped. Quadruped animal has more depth than animal, more notion: but less breadth, fewer species. And thus it is manifest that increase of either, breadth or depth, is (may be and generally is) diminution of the other; and vice versa. Further, all quantity, all that can be described by more or less, is mathematical.

I will now quote from Sir William Hamilton, putting my own italics † in places which prove my assertion. It is not necessary to insert the scheme which in one place is called "table," in another, "diagram." I quote the second edition, which does not differ by a letter from the first:

"This [the details of the diagram or table] being understood, the Table at once exhibits the real identity and rational differences of Breadth and Depth, which, though

† A person who alters Roman into Italic in his quotation must alter the occasional Italic, if any, into Roman.

THE TIN TRADE OF ANTIQUITY.
(2nd S. v. 101.)

In a former, but rejected communication (of allusion to the probability that the tin, so often March 1, 1858), we already with a word made mentioned in the most ancient writings, must either We founded our persuasion with regard to the immediately or mediately have come from India. Greeks on the fact that their term for tin, kaOOLTEpos, was most probably derived from the Sanscrit

kastira.*

A similar proof that the tin, also of Chaldæa, that the Targumists, or Bible-explainers from the was brought from India we see in the particular Hebrew language into the Chaldæan, have rendered the word bedil with kastèron, kastira.† Now

According to Benfey, Art. Indien, in Ersch und Gruber's Encycl., 2te Sect., 17ter Theil. S. 28. quoted by A. Forbiger in Pauly's Real-Encyclopaedie der Class. Alterthumswissenschaft (Stuttgardt, Metzler, 1839-1852), S. 130, Art. Indien.

+ Beckmann's History of Inventions, (London, Bohn, 1846, vol. ii. p. 208. note 1.) The Targumist paraphrase

Babylon, to all probability, got its kastira for tin from the Sanscrit kastira. Will not then the Chaldæans, with the name, have received the substance from India? And, if the Babylonians drew their tin from India, would it be imprudent to suppose the same origin to the tin used by the Assyrians?

That, moreover, before the discovery of the Western tin islands, tin actually was imported from India is affirmed by Forbiger in Pauly's RealEncyclopaedie, bd. iv. s. 136., and he builds his assertion on the testimony of Diodorus Siculus, ii. 36. Now it is a fact that Malacca produces the purest tin, and it would thus be probable that the metal would mostly have been sought for in the regions where it was best to be found; but for the circumstance that the Indian trading-fleets were accustomed, not as much to direct their course to Malacca, where only tin and lead are to be had, as well more north, to the coasts of what now-a-days forms the countries of Siam and the Birman Empire. There, besides tin, are dug gold and silver, and the last-named metals will, in all likelihood, have drawn the merchant with stronger attractions.

And where was that Cassitira to be found? Part of the islands whieh form the Dutch East Indian colonies seem not to have been unknown to the ancients. For, eastward of Taprobane, the present Ceylon, but in a somewhat more southern latitude than its south coast [sic apud Forbigerum], The Grecian ivory likewise was an Indian pro- according to Ptolemy (vii. 2.), was situated an duce, or was at least obtained by the medium of Island of the Good Spirit (ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος νῆσος), nations dealing with the Asiatic Peninsula, and perhaps our Sumatra; and, farther, underneath the knowing it from that intercourse. This we con- Golden Chersonesus, the Jabadii insula ('Iaßadiov clude from Benfey's assertion that the Greek exé- | vñσos), a large island, whose greecified name inpas for ivory is also of Indian origin.* stantly calls to our mind the Java of modern geography. Perhaps the second part of this 'laBadiou made by the Greeks into a genitive termination, is nothing but the contraction of the Sanscrit dripa (island), a contraction also to be noticed in Diu Zokotora, explained by the ancients as AloσKOpídov vĥoos, in Selen Diu (now Sihala Diru, Ceylon), and in Maladiva and Laccadiva. The Greek name thus accounted for, the genuine form Java remains. See Forbiger, in Pruly's Real-Encyclopaedie, bd. iv. s. 146., and the note. Ptolemy, however, describes the island, whose name we ventured to interpret with Java Diu, as large, fertile, and rich in gold (Forbiger in Pauly's RealEncyclopaedie, iv. s. 1.), which last peculiarity cannot be brought home to that island, but Ptolemy may have confounded. Sumatra and Borneo possess rich gold mines. In the first-mentioned island, as in Malacca or Mount Ophir, is found the Goenong Ophir or Passaman, an extinct volcano, remarkable affinity of name with the Ophir of the Bible! Both Sumatra and Borneo with Banca produce tin. As, however, the tin mines of Banca seem only to have been discovered in 1711 (Beckmann, l. l., p. 229.), and perhaps Borneo was too remote for the early Indians, we are fain to look towards Sumatra as the tin island, Cassitira. Before the Portuguese dominion it already boasted of a large tin coin (Beckmann, l. 7.) According to Kramer's Gazetteer the natives in their customs have many points of resemblance with the nations on the other side of the Ganges; they are particularly skilled in making gold-and-silver wirework, and manufacture silk and cotton goods, earthenware, arms, and various domestic utensils. (See the article Sumatra, p. 819.) This leads to surmise, if not an affinity, at least a very early commerce with the inhabitants of Hindûstan. And what farthermore confirms our opinion, that in olden time Sumatra has been designated by the name of Island of the Good Spirit, is what we found noticed somewhere that the Malays take it for the seat of Paradise. Did the early tin of the Grecians thus come from our East Indian possessions?

Against the supposition, however, that the Indians may have shipped their tin either from Siam or Malacca arises the circumstance that the information we possess concerning the Golden Peninsula, though it mentions gold and silver regions, does not refer to tin. Still the Indian produce had to be produced somewhere.

Now we read ("N. & Q.," 2nd S. v. 103.) that Stephanus of Byzantium, on the authority of the Bassarica of Dionysius, adverts to an island, Cassitira, in the ocean near India. The resemblance of this Cassitira with the Sanscrit kastíra makes us surmise that the name is indeed Indian, of a real island; and, farthermore, that the Greeks have neither invented the place, nor a name for it. Had this been the case they would have called it Cassitera, from Kaoσirepos. And from the fact that the Indians already designated an island with the name of Cassitira, we conclude that actually, in primeval times, exports of tin from an island near India have taken place, or at least that it was known to possess the metal in large quantities.

of the Bible was indited for the Jews, to whom, after their Babylonian captivity, the Chaldæan language was more familiar than their own.

* L. c., S. 26. (28.?) in Forbiger's paper, l. l., S. 135. The Latin ebur (English ivory, Dutch ivoor, French ivoire), seems to be related to our ever (Germ. Eber, wild boar, Lat. aper), and the old Romans, who, before Pyrrhus, had never yet seen elephants, may long have taken he ivory, then rather profusely used, for large boars' | eeth.

Zeyst.

J. H. VAN Lennep.

* Algemeen Noodwendig Woordenboek der Zamenleving, enz. (Te) Amsterdam (6ij), Gebroeders Diederichs; St. xxi., Art. Sumatra.

UNIVERSITY HOODS.

(2nd S. v. 234. 324. 402. 501.)

I. A TABLE OF THE HOODS PROPER TO THE SEVERAL Degrees OF THE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

These Degrees not

conferred.

velvet as a
border.
Blue silk, with
a single stripe
of dark blue
velvet as a
border.

Violet-coloured
cloth, lined
with violet
silk, with two
stripes of vio-
let velvet.
Violet silk,

with one stripe
of violet vel-
vet.

Puce silk, with
a double bor-
der of puce
velvet.

Puce silk, with

a single bor-
der of puce
velvet.

M. A.

Black silk,
lined with

Regent: Black

Black

silk,

silk, lined lined

with

crimson silk.

with white dark

blue

Black silk,

lined with la-
verder-co-

loured silk,

stripes of la-
vender velvet
as a border.

Black silk, with
a single stripe
of black vel-
vet as border.

two

Licentiate in Theology

*For full dress, and on conferring degrees, a cope is used. White fur is also used for full dress.

+ Not decided upon by the Senatus.

Doubtful if entitled to any hood; the one described is, however,

worn.

§ For the first five years from incepting Masters of Arts in Cambridge are termed Regents, and wear the black silk hood lined with white silk; after the completion of five years their non-regency begins, and their hoods lose the white and assume the black lining. The Proctors, however, and some other university officers, are called Necessary

Black stuff,
with a border

of black silk
velvet.

Regents, and always wear white hoods. This distinction is confined to the University of Cambridge, and is not observed at Oxford, as far as a distinctive hood being worn.

The B.A. hood of Oxford is of black stuff properly, not silk, and should be lined, not with white fur, but with lamb's wool. The white fur has been adopted solely for appearance.

The hood is folded square and fastened with hook and eye round the neck, the two long ends brought over the shoulder, and folded across the breast, and the hook and eye inserted where the edges cross.

II. A TABLE of DegreeS GRANTED BY UNIVERSITIES, ETC. FOR WHICH NO DISTINCTIVE HOODS ARE WORN. (Those marked with an asterisk are the Degrees granted.)