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and under the succeeding military rule (1846-1850, — ch. 17, 18), bringing down the nar rative to the close of the period which it is the purpose of this chapter to cover; and of course, also, beyond to the present date.

This Bancroft volume renders the earlier books of Davis and Prince wellnigh unnecessary to the student.2

The first permanent settlement in New Mexico was made in 1598, but was removed in 1605 to the present Santa Fé, and not another town was founded till after the reconquest, when Santa Cruz de la Cañada was established in 1695; and the third was that of Albuquerque in 1706. It is not probable that any existing architectural structure of the Spaniards in the country dates back of 1636, if even so far back, though there may be ruins of some of the eleven churches known to have been standing in 1617, while the ruins near Zuñi are not earlier than 1629. The oldest lapidary record seems to be an inscription recently found by F. H. Cushing, recording the excursion of Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado in 1581.8

Of the region now called Arizona, the history is covered in the same Bancroft volume (Arizona and New Mexico, 1889, ch. 15, 16, from 1543 to 1845), but it is almost entirely for a long period only a record of incursions, as the Spaniards had early made in only one small section any missionary or other occupation. These sites (1768–1846), as well as the routes of the early explorations, are shown in maps (pp. 347, 384).*

No other portion of the history of Spanish America has been studied with the minuteness that has been given to the chronicles of Upper California in the Bancroft series. The list which is prefixed to the first volume of the California includes sixteen hundred titles 5 pertaining in some way to that region, down to its cession to the United States, and this enumeration is thrown into a classification, with annotations in the second chapter of the

1 Ante, Vol. II. 502, 503.

2 Cf, however, W. H. H. Davis's Spaniards in Mexico (Doylestown, Pa., 1888); Wm. G. Ritch's Aztlan, the history, resources, and attrac tions of New Mexico (Boston, 1885, 6th ed.); his Legislative Blue Book of the Territory of New Mexico (Santa Fé, 1887), with its Appendix of annals; and James H. Defouri's Hist. Sketch of the Catholic Church in New Mexico (San Francisco, 1887).

3 A. F. Bandelier in The Nation, March 28, 1889. Bancroft (Arizona and New Mexico, pp. 158, 790) places the founding of Santa Fé between 1605 and 1616.

4 Bancroft, pp. 373, 593, commemorates the few modern books, mainly concerned with the later history of the region, but touching with

more or less detail, though without much research, the earlier periods: Silvester Mowry, Arizona and Sonora (N. Y. 1864, 3d edition). Hiram C. Hodge, Arizona as it is (N. Y. 1877). Richard J. Hinton, Handbook to Arizona (San Francisco, 1878). History of Arizona Territory (San Francisco, 1884). S. W. Cozzens, Marvellous Country (Boston, 1874). Edward Roberts, With the Invader (San Francisco, 1885). Patrick Hamilton, Resources of Arizona (San Francisco, 1884, 3d edition).

5 It is called complete to 1848, and practically so to 1856. Reference is made to A. S. Taylor's list (1863-66) as the only one previously made (see ante, I. p. ix), and it is said that of its one thousand titles, Taylor could hardly have seen one in five.

NOTE. The opposite plate shows the main portion of the map in Venegas' Noticia de la California (Madrid, 1757), vol. iii. Cf. Bancroft's No. Mexican States, i. 463. The history of the exploration of Lower California and the Gulf has been sketched, ante, Vol. II. Cf. explorations 1636-1769, detailed in Bancroft's North Mex. States, i. ch. 8. We get types of these earlier views in Pieter Goos's Orbis terrarum nova tabula (Amsterdam, 1666) and Nicolas de Fer's map of 1700. At this time (1698-1701) Father Kino was engaged in his explorations, which enabled him to publish a map in 1705 (Lettres Édifiantes, reproduced in the French Encyclopédie, Supplement, 1777; cf. Bancroft's Arizona, p. 360, and references, ante, Vol. II.). Consag's map (1747) was the next definite improvement, of which we see the influence in A Map of Lower California (1746) improved upon Consag and embodying other observations, in Jacob Bägart's Nachrichten von der Amerikanischen Halbinsel California (Mannheim, 1772). Cf. Bancroft's No. Mex. States, i. 479. Still better was that published by Venegas, given herewith. Ten years later came the explorations by the Jesuits, of which we have the results in Isaak Tirion's map in the Staat van America (Amsterdam, 1766), vol. i. 243; the map of the Jesuits (1767), reproduced in the French Encyclopédie, Supplement, 1777, and Vaugondy's of 1772, in Ibid. There is a map in Ignas Pfefferkorn's Beschreibung der Landschaft Sonora (Köln, 1794), and many later ones. Cf. modern sketch map, ante, II. 485.

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Reduced from the map in Venegas' Noticia (Madrid, 1757). Other engravings of the same map will be found in the English (1759), French (1767), and German (1769-70) translations of Venegas. Cf. Bancroft's No. Mexican States, i. 471; his Arizona, 370.

same volume, and again with more detail in some respects in the California Pastoral, ch. 22.

Of the narratives or description pertaining to California previous to the Spanish occupation in 1769, Bancroft can only count eight books which supply independent information, though he gives fifty-six that, with more or less of borrowing, in some way concern the country, though of not one is that region the sole subject.

From the time when Cortés began the cartography of the Pacific Coast in his map1 of the southern end of the peninsula of California, there is a succession of views as to its contour, based on knowledge or theory, running down the history of the region till its thorough occupation by the Spaniards. This has been traced in another volume, and it involves a series of maps from that of Castillo in 1541 down.2

At the time that the Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal, y espiritual hasta el tiempo presente. Sacada de la historia manvscrita, formada en México año de 1739, por el padre Miguel Venegas; y de otras noticias y relaciones antiguas y modernas. Añadida de algunos mapas was published in Madrid in 1757,8 the name of California was applied generally to the peninsula now known as Lower California, and it was under other New Albion, for instance, to the English-that the upper regions were known previous to the Spanish occupation, and almost wholly through the maritime explorers of the coast, whose reports were embodied, more or less at length, in the great collections of

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1 Cf. ante, II. p. 442. This map has been also reproduced on a larger scale and in colors in the Congrès des Américanistes, Madrid meeting, ii. 330, with a notice by Fernández Duro.

2 Cf. ante, II. pp. 444, etc. The wild discussion over the supposed Straits of Anian is included (p. 455), but reference also may be made to a paper by Novo y Colson in the Congrès des Américanistes, Madrid, p. 122, Nordenskjöld's Vega, ii. 214, and a recent paper by W. Barrows in the Mag. Amer. History, March, 1889, on "America the world's puzzle." The discussion also involves the question of the insularity of California, which by no means confined the insularizing to what we know now as Lower California, but the island was made to extend its northern verge some distance above San Francisco Bay. One of the earliest discussions of this question was in the Hist. of the works of the learned (London, 1699). Cf. Sabin, viii. no. 32,728. Since the statement was made in Vol. II. p. 464, the editor has been favored by Professor C. A. Joy, now resident in Munich, with a description of the original MS. of the Arcano del Mare of Dudley, which is preserved in the royal library in that city. The drawn maps are in three large parchment-bound volumes, and a few of the drawings are on vellum. The collection is called Dudleo dele 4 parti del Mondo, tom. i., ii., iii., and the third volume contains maps of "Henrico Hudson, 2do viago, 1613," "America Australe," 'Honduras,” “Nicaragua," and "Mexico." Mr. Charles A. Schott has used these maps in Bulletin, no. 5, of the U. S. Coast Survey, to establish the variation of the needle in 1646. From a copy of the edition of 1661 in the royal library at Munich (Quaritch, in 1885, no. 28,212, held a copy in three vols., 291 maps, at £25) photographs were taken for the use of - 17

VOL. VIII.

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Prof. George Davidson, of San Francisco, in the pursuit of his studies to identify the landfalls of the earliest maritime observers. He first published a summary of his conclusions in the Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences (ii. 325), and then at length in his Voyages of Discovery and Exploration on the Northwest Coast of America, 1539-1603, which makes Appendix vii. of the Report for 1886 of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, with a chart illustrating the landfalls of Cabrillo and Ferrelo. He places Drake's Bay under Point Reyes. (Cf. ante, II. 444.) The first Mappemonde engraved in Russia was the work of Basile Kiprianoff in 1707. (Cf. Labanoff's Cartes géographiques, no. 51.) The tracks of Russian explorations before 1763 are also shown in a map published at St. Petersburg in 1775.

3 Ante, II. 461. For editions see CarterBrown Catalogue, iii. nos. 1179, 1239, 1309, 1651, 1710, 3637. The Venegas manuscripts which Father André Buriel (ed. 1762) used in preparing this work are preserved in the University library and in the college of Saint Gregory at Mexico. Leclerc, no. 1035. The Jesuit William Gordon began at La Paz in 1734, and ended at Santiago in 1737, a MS. Historia de las Misionas Jesuitas en la California baja, des de su establecimiente [1697] hasta 1737, which is priced in Quaritch's Catalogue, Jan., 1888, at £63.

4 Like Francis Drake, Linschoten (ante, II. 457), Dampier, Woodes Rogers, Shelvocke, etc. Of Drake and the early books on him, and of Linschoten, there is sufficient said in another volume (ante, Vol. III.). Dampier's New Voyage was published in London in 1699-1709; Woodes Rogers' Cruising Voyage round the World at London, 1718; George Shelvocke's Voyage round the World, 1719-1722, at London, 1726.

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voyages, in the general histories of Spanish America, and in the comprehensive descriptive works, as well as in the maps of the professional geographers and cartographers.* The period of about fifty or sixty years following the first occupation (1769) of Upper California by the Spaniards, and coming down to 1824, as Bancroft divides it, constituting an era of inland exploration, of the founding of missions," of the establishing of the military presidios and the civil pueblos, is covered in Bancroft's list by about four hundred titles, of which sixty are of printed books, and of these only three relate exclusively to California. The first of these is Miguel Costansó's Diario histórico de los viages de mar y tierra hechos al Norte de California (Mexico, 1776). It is an important document for the first expedition from Mexico to San Diego and Monterey in 1769-70, as is also the Extracto de Noticias of Monterey, published at Mexico in 1770. The third is what Bancroft calls "the standard history of California down to 1784,” the Relacion historica de la vida de Junípero Serra (Mexico, 1787) of Francisco Palou, the Franciscan next in place to Junípero, and who acted as president at times when that important character was absent from his post. 8

Another work of Palou, his Noticias de la Nueva California (1768-1783), covers the history of the missionary explorations and settlements during that period. The text is left to us in a copy made in 1792 by a royal order to preserve copies of important manuscripts for the archives of Spain, the original having disappeared from the college of San Fernando where it was deposited, and where it probably shared the fate of the convent at the time of its destruction. From a copy preserved in the Mexican archives 10 it was printed in 1857 (Doyle says 1846), somewhat imperfectly, in the Diario Oficial, whose twenty volumes contain many other documents relating to Sonora, Chihuahua, New Mexico, and California; " it was also printed as a part of the Documentos para la historia de México (IV. serie, vols. vi., vii.), and has also been edited by John T. Doyle for the California Historical Society (Publications, 1874, in four volumes),12

As in the case of the earlier period, the published narratives of navigators who had been on the coast,13 and the comprehensive works of some Mexican and European writers,

1 Like Ramusio, Hakluyt, Purchas, Hacke, Saeghman, Harris, Van den Aa, Prévost and the varieties of his collection, Dalrymple, Churchill, and the later ones. See Introduction, Vol. I., ante; and James Burney's Chronological History of Discovery in the South Sea (London, 1803-16). 2 Like Acosta, Herrera, etc. Lorenzana in his Hist. de la Nueva España enumerates the expeditions to California down to 1769. Other more or less comprehensive accounts of this early period are in J. G. Cabrera Bueno's Navegacion Especulativa (Manilla, 1734); Campbell's Concise Hist. of Spanish America (London, 1741), called later (1747) The Spanish Empire in America; José Antonio Villa Señor's Theatro Americano (Mexico, 1746; Eng. transl. Statistical Account of Mexico (1748) (cf Bancroft's Mexico, iii. 510); Allgemeine Geschichte der Länder und Völker von America (Halle, 1752); the Apostólicos afanes dela Compañia de Jesus (Barcelona, 1754); Spanische Reich in America (1763); Staat von Amerika (1766-69).

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English encroachments on the Spanish possessions, Gottfriedt's Newe Welt (1655), Montanus, Dapper and Ogilby (cf. ante, IV. 390), Luyt's Introductio ad Geographiam (1692), and Heylyn's Cosmography.

4 Like Ortelius, Mercator, Löw, Wytfliet, and Blaeuw.

5 Cf. Bancroft's California Pastoral, ch. 5. 6 An English version, Historical Journal (London, 1790). Cf. California Pastoral, p. 754, and Carter-Brown Catalogue, iii. 3377.

7 Also, Mexico, 1832, in a volume of the Biblioteca Nacional y Estrangera. Bancroft, California, i. 670, has a long note on the MSS. which he has on José Francisco Ortega, an active companion of Junípero.

8 Bancroft, California, i. 418; California Pastoral, 754.

9 California Pastoral, 756.

10 Making vols. 22. 23 of the Archivo general, in thirty-two volumes, a collection of similar copies, vol. I of which has been lost. Bancroft, California, i. 419.

1 Cf. Bancroft's Mexico, iii. 529.

12 Cf. H. C. Ford, Etchings of the Franciscan Missions of California. With the outlines of history, description, etc. (New York, 1883).

13 F. A. Maurelle. Journal of a Voyage, 1775 (London, 1780, — cf. D. Barrington's Miscella

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