to this class of books are scant, and even the interest throughout Europe which instigated the allied publications of Green in England, of Prévost in France, and of the Allgemeine Hist. der Reisen in Leipzig had no corresponding issue in Spain. This lack must be supplied by the editorial work of José Terrer de Couto and José March y Labores upon the Historia de la Marina Real Española (Madrid, 1849, 1854), by the voyage of Drake, by the maritime expeditions up the California coast, and by other literary aspects of Spanish

NOTE. From Prévost's Voyages (Paris, 1754), vol. xii. p. 512.

American naval history. The Nuevo Viajero Universal of N. Fernandez Cuesta (Madrid, 1859) covers the later times.

The distinctive missionary efforts in Guatemala of the later period came through the founding of the Bethlehemite order in 1673, and the labors of their founder are described in the Storia della Vita, Virtú, Donni e Grazzie del Pietro di S. Giuseppe Betancur, fondatore dell' ordine Betlemitico nelle Indie occidentali (Rome, 1739), and the vicis

1 Cf. ante, Vol. I., Introd.

situdes of the order are followed in José Garcia de la Concepcion's Historia Bethlehemitica (Seville, 1723).

The provinces of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama are still best represented in the list in Bancroft's Central America, vol. i. (particularly pp. xlvi, liv, lvii, lxv, lxxi). The early documentary sources are best gathered in the Coleccions of Peralta and Fernandez.1 The descriptive travels of Gage, Coreal, Uring, and Cockburn afford us the observations of their time.2 The latest survey of the history of the Balize is in A. R. Gibbs' British Honduras: an historical and descriptive account of the colony from its settlement, 1670. Compiled from original and authentic sources (London, 1883). Macaulay, in his Hist. of England, gives a readable account of the unfortunate Scotch colony at Darien, based largely upon the numerous contemporary publications.1

1 Ante, II. pp. ix, 398.

2 Thos. Gage, The English-American, his travail by sea and land, first issued in London, 1648, and often later in various tongues (Carter-Brown, ii. p. 612; Sabin's Dictionary). François Coreal, Voyages aux Indes occidentales (Paris and Amsterdam, 1722). Captain Nathaniel Uring's History of [his] Voyages and Travels (London, 1726), with a map of the Bay of Honduras. John Cockburn's A journey overland from the gulf of Honduras to the great South Sea. Performed by John Cockburn, and five other Englishmen, viz., Thomas Rounce, Richard Banister, John Holland, Thomas Robinson, and John Ballman [etc.], 1731 (London, 1735). It was reprinted as The Unfortunate Englishman (London, 1740, 1779).

3 Cf. also Bancroft's Cent. America, ii. ch. 31; Berthold Seeman's Hist. of the Isthmus of Panama (Panama, 1867); Retrospective Review, n. s., ii.; Burney's Chronol. Hist. Disc. in the South Seas; and Edward Cullen's Isthmus of Darien ship canal; with a full history of the Scotch colony of Darien, several maps, views of the country, and original documents, 2d ed., enlarged. [With Appendix.] (London, 1853)

An act of the Parliament of Scotland for erecting an East India Company (Edinburgh, 1695; London, 1695).

Observations of a person of eminence and worth in Caledonia (Mr. Patterson) written to his friend in Boston, N. E., on their Scots' settlement, New Edinburgh, at Darien in America. St. Andrews, Feb. 18, 1698-99 (Boston, 1699).

Samuel Sewall's Letter Book (i. 227, 242) shows a letter which he wrote to the ministers of the colony, and also the Latin contract of surrender later imposed upon the colonists by the Spaniards.

The humble address to his majesty, 12th Feb., 1699 (London, 1699).

Letter from the Commission of the general assembly of the Church of Scotland to the Honorable Council and inhabitants of the Scots Colony of Caledonia in America, Glasgow, July 21, 1699 (Glasgow, 1699).

A just and modest vindication of the Scots' design for the having established a colony at Darien

Act for a company trading to Africa and the (London, 1699). Indies, June 26, 1695 (Edinburgh, 1696).

Constitution of the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies (Edinburgh, 1696). Some seasonable and modest thoughts, partly occasioned by and partly concerning the Scots East India Company (Edinburgh, 1696).

A letter from a member of the Parliament of Scotland to his friend in London, concerning their late act for establishing a company of that kingdom, trading to Africa and the Indies (London, 1696).

Two discourses concerning the affairs of Scotland, written in the year 1698 (Edinburgh, 1698); one concerns the Scots' company.

Information touchant l'affaire de Darien (1699), the Spanish protest against the colony. A letter giving a description of the Isthmus of

A Defence of the Scots' Settlement at Darien, with an Answer to prove that it is the Interest of England to join with the Scots and protect it; to which is added a Description of the Country, and a Particular Account of the Scots' Colony (Edinburgh, 1699).

The Defence of the Scots' Settlement at Darien answered Paragraph by Paragraph, by Philo Britain (1699).

A Letter giving a Description of the Isthmus of Darien (where the Scots' Colonie is settled, from a gentleman who lives there at present) with an account of the Fertilness of the Soil, the Quality of the Air, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and the Nature of the Plants and Animals, &c., and a particular Map of the Isthmus and Entrance to the River of Darien (Edinburgh, 1699).

There have been published of late years two considerable repositories of documentary material respecting the revolutionary period of the Spanish-American provinces. The first of these is Juan E. Hernandez y Dávalos' Coleccion de documentos para la historia

de la Guerra de Independencia de México de 1808 á 1821 (Mexico, 1877, etc.), which has been the work for thirty years of a treasury clerk. The second is Emilio del Costillo Negrete's México en el Siglo xix. (Mexico, 1875, etc.), in which the historical narrative is broken by documentary material.1 Reference may also be made in the American Monitor, a periodical devoted to South American affairs (London, 1824-25), and to El Repertorio Americano (Londres, 1826-27), in four volumes.

Bancroft, in working up the most complete account which we have in English of this later period, and of the succeeding constitutional period, finds the works of Lucas Alaman the most important contribution which any Mexican historian has made. Alaman was a youth of sixteen when he witnessed the fall of Iturrigaray in 1808, and he was present at Guanajuato during the memorable scenes of 1810. As he went to Spain to pursue his studies in 1814 and remained there till 1820, he had no personal contact with the events of that interval; but he had a half-brother, a canon of Mexico, Dr. Arechederreta, who, kept a diary in that city from 1811 to 1820, and this document was of much use to Alaman in his historical work, which is republican rather than democratic in its tone.2 As a member of the Atenéo Mexicana, he had begun his Mexican studies and gathered the results in his Disertaciones sobre la historia de la República Mexicana, desde la 1 Bancroft's Mexico, iv. 624-25. 2 Bancroft's Mexico, iv. 823, for references.

* Frontispiece of his Historia de Méjico (Mexico, 1849), vol. i.

Conquista hasta la independencia (Mexico, 1844-49, in three volumes), which proved a preparation for his elaborate Historia de Méjico desde los primeros movimientos que prepararon su Independencia en el año 1808 hasta la época presente (Mexico, 1849-52), in five volumes. Alaman survived its completion only to June 2, 1853, when he died. The book is in the main one of scholarly impartiality, though he manifests little regard for revolutionary excesses, and is inclined to belittle the actions of those not of pure Spanish blood. His appendixes are fortified with documentary proofs, which he obtained in large part from the public archives. He stopped short of his promised end, and finished his work with the events of 1830.

Little of a similar conspicuous character belongs to the Méjico y sus revoluciones (Paris, 1836) of José Maria Luis Mora, likewise a native Mexican. He was thirty-six when in 1830 he set himself to his task, and conducted it in a not very orderly manner as to the arrangement of his periods, his first volume, for instance, describing the Mexico of his day, the second never appearing at all; the third goes over the history of Mexico from the Conquest to 1810, and volume four covers the opening years of the conflict under Hidalgo and the early patriots. Some of the later periods, however, find elucidation in his political papers which appeared in his Obras Sueltas (Paris, 1837).

The student of the history of Mexico hardly confronts a more prominent name than that of Cárlos Maria Bustamante. He has done good work as an editor in publishing a variety of the early writers; and as a commentator on the political events of his own day (born in 1774, he died in 1848), he has left a great mass of publications, somewhat ephemeral often, but warmly expressive, and touched, however wildly at times, with an historian's instinct. Perhaps the best enumeration of his writings is in the list of authorities in Bancroft's Mexico, where a considerable quantity of his MSS. is noted as having fallen into Bancroft's hands. Bustamante's fervid nature almost necessarily carried him over to the revolutionists when the crisis came in 1810. He organized a regiment under Morelos, and published his Campañas del Gen. F. M. Calleja in 1828; but his activity and criticism were best in other fields than military ones, and he experienced the trials and privations of a political outlaw before the completed revolution in 1821 suffered him to return to the capital, from which he had been excluded for nine years, only in due time to be imprisoned by Iturbide, and to be released upon that emperor's fall.

It was in the heat of the early days of the revolution that he began to make that record of its progress which was later published as his Cuadro histórico de la revolucion de la América Méxicana, Comenzada en 1810, in six volumes, between 1823 and 1832. The book, written from time to time as material accrued, is somewhat disjointed, and his variable states of mind as he went on make the book a rather curious study of a nature unstable, if not at times almost thrown off its balance, - all of which perturbations enable Lorenzo de Zavala, in his Ensayo histórico de las revoluciones de Megico (Paris, 1831), to accuse Bustamante of many slips and perversions, to say nothing of darker charges, which Bustamante was not slow in resenting. His sixth volume seems to have been suppressed, or at least it was not included in the "Segunda edicion aumentada,” which appeared in five volumes in 1843-46. Bancroft's list (Mexico, i. p. xxxiii) shows a volume of MSS. which he says was intended by Bustamante to continue his Cuadro histórico; but he does not inform us whether it contains the matter which Bustamante included in what he published as a continuation, his História del Emperador D. Augustin de Iturbide (Mexico, 1846).3

Bancroft gives in no one place the bibliography of the revolutionary period of the North

1 Vol. i. pp. xxxii, etc.; and some characterizations, v. 804; where also he cites (p. 806) the account of Bustamante in Manuel Larrainzar's Algunas ideas sobre la historia.

2 Bustamante's diary, which was the basis of much of his printed works on contemporary events, was placed by him in the college at Za

catecas. His other MSS. fell into the charge of Andrade, Maximilian's collector; and when that emperor was shot, the collection was carried to Europe and sold, when Bancroft bought most of the MSS. (Mexico, v. 806).

8 Bancroft, Mexico, iv. 825; v. 804.