Such a base for interior exploration as the Spaniards had thus acquired at the La Plata, the Portuguese had already secured farther north at Bahia. Diego Alvarez, a by Ulrich Schmidel of his experiences in Brazil and La Plata from 1534 to 1554, which was first 1 A sketch after a copy (no. 355) in the Kohl Collection of a French map acquired by the British Museum in 1790, measuring 8, X2 feet, and referred to by Malte-Brun in his Histoire de la published in 1567 at Frankfort as an addition to Sebastian Franck's Weltbuch. It is a story of géographie, i. 630. The connection of the Amazon with the La Plata would place it before Orellana had coursed the Amazon in 1543 (Ruge, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, p. 455). JOANNES À DOETECHUM, 1585.1 survivor of a wreck in the neighborhood of this harbor, had, as early as 1510, established useful relations with the natives at Bahia, and being taken off by a French vessel, had endeavored to induce the Portuguese Government to colonize the country; but in vain, and Brazil was neglected until Martim Affonso de Sousa was given (1531) the captaincy of a stretch of coast amounting to about fifty leagues. It was he who discovered, on the Ist of January, the imposing bay, which he supposed the mouth of a river, and named Rio de Janeiro.2 continuous massacre and enslavement (Field, Further recourse may be had to Gomara, A metrical chronicle, Barco Centenera's Argentina, published at Lisbon in 1602, commemorates in part Cabeça De Vaca's expedition (Carter-Brown, ii. 8). Cf. the modern narrative in Washburn's Paraguay. 1 This sketch follows a draft by Kohl in his Washington Collection (no. 362) of a manuscript map in the British Museum marked "Joannes à Doetechum fecit;" but along coasts explored by the Spanish and Portuguese, the names are given in the languages of these discoverers. 2 Such is the commonly received statement; but there seems good ground for doubting that he was even in the bay on the 1st of January, 1531, and there is evidence of earlier visits by others besides. Cf. Kidder and Fletcher, Brazil (1866), Other captaincies followed, and their history is largely a succession of petty warfares; until, in 1549, the captaincies were revoked, and a general command of the coast was given to De Sousa, who established himself at Bahia, built a town, and introduced the Jesuits, under Nobrega.1 Between 1547 and 1555 we have a description of the eastern parts of Brazil, of the first importance in respect to the natives of the country, but of less value in developing the geography of the coast. This is the account which a common German boor gives, in his rough way, of his two voyages and of his captivity among the Indians, - one Hans Stade by name, a native of Hesse, who sailed successively in Portuguese and Spanish vessels as a gunner.2 France, impelled by a rivalry of her neighbors, next began a most untoward attempt at founding a colony at Rio de Janeiro. She sent out her expedition in 1555 under the command of Nicholas Durand de Villegagnon, or Villegaignon, who was both wily and false. He gained the ear of the French King by professions of patriotism. He cajoled Admiral Coligny with promises of protection to such Huguenots as might accompany him. The Huguenots trusted him, and joined his company. Along with him went Thevet, a mendacious Franciscan, from whose narrative we must take some part of our knowledge of the expedition. It served Villegagnon's purpose to write back letters, which induced others p. 50. On the results of the expedition of Martim Affonso de Sousa, see Varnhagen's Brazil (1877), sec. viii., and on his immediate successors, sec. ix. The log-book of his brother, Pero Lopez de Sousa, of the same squadron, was published by Varnhagen in 1839, at Lisbon, as Diario da navigação da armada sob a Capitania-mor de Martim Affonso de Sousa; see Santarem's Analyze du journal in Nouvelles annales des voyages, (1840). Cf. Rev. do Inst. Hist., v. 232, 352, vi. 118, xxiv. 3; Cat. Hist. Brazil, Bibl. Nac. do Rio de Janeiro, no. 853; Murphy Catalogue, nos. 2,343, 2,352. There is a later publication, Diario da navegação de Pedro Lopes de Sousa pela costa do Brazil (1530-1532), 4a ed., e Livro da Viagem da nao "Bretoa" ao Cabo Frio (em 1511), por Duarte Fernandez (editor, F. A. de Varnhagen), Rio de Janeiro, 1867. 1 Cf. publications of Jesuit letters from Brazil, 1551-1558, Venice, noted in Carter-Brown, i. nos. 181, 227, 238; and Simão de Vasconcellos' Chronica da Companhia de Jesus do estado do Brasil, e do que obraram seus filhos nesta parte do Novo Mundo. 2a ed. Accrescentada com uma introducção e notas historicas e geographicas, pelo conego Dr. Joaquim Caetano Fernandes Pinheiro (Rio de Janeiro, 1864). 2 The original edition of Hans Stade is a little unpaged quarto which appeared at Marburg in 1557 as Warhafftige Historia unnd beschreibung einer landtschafft der Wilden ... Leuthen in der Newen Welt (Murphy, no. 2,376; CarterBrown, i. 220), of which another edition appeared at Frankfort on the Main the same year. It is without date, but its preface is dated 1556 (Carter-Brown, i. 216; Beckford, iii. 2,175-76; Graesse, vi. 476; Rosenthal priced it recently at 60 marks). In 1567 it appeared as the third part of Sebastian Franck's Weltbuch, and again in folio at Frankfort (De Bry, vol. iii.) in 1593 and 1631; and at Oldenburg in 1664. It was reprinted at Stuttgart in 1859, under the editorial direction of Dr. Karl Klüpfel. The earliest translation was a Flemish one at Antwerp in 1558 (Carter-Brown, i. 223). De Bry gave it a Latin dress in his great Collection in 1592; and this appeared later in 1605 and 1630. Dutch editions were printed at Amsterdam in 1630, 1634, 1640, 1686, and in Vander Aa's Versamling at Leyden, in 1706 and 1727. Another Dutch edition was published at Amsterdam in 1714. Ternaux gives a French translation (vol. iii. Paris, 1839). The earliest Engiish version is The Captivity of Hans Stade, of Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil, annotated by Richard F. Burton and published by the Hakluyt Society in 1874. Mr. Markham adds a bibliography to this edition. Stade's two voyages covered the intervals, April 29, 1547-Oct. 8, 1548, and from the fourth day after Easter, 1549, to Feb. 20, 1555. Southey seems to have been the first to recognize the value of the rude and honest work of Hans Stade, and he amply analyzes the narrative. Cf. Field, Ind. Bibliog., no. 1,489; Cat. Hist. Brazil, Bibl. Nac. do R. de Janeiro. i. 83. Thevet at the time of his brief sojourn on the coast was fifty-three years old, having been born at Angoulême in 1502. His narrative is contained in his Singularitez de la France antarctique, which has been edited by Paul Gaffarel (Paris, 1878), with notes and a biography of its author. The book originally appeared at Paris in 1557, and again at the same place in 1558, and at Antwerp the same year (cf. Vol. III. p. 31; Murphy, nos. 2,481-2,483; Court, nos. 350-351; Cooke, no. 2,429). Gaffarel gives a fac-simile of the title of the Paris, 1558, edition, and expresses the opinion that the wood-cuts of the Paris edition were the work of Jean Cousin, and were reduced by Assuérus van Londerzeli for the Antwerp edition of the next year; which, of the Reformed party to embark; and among them were two Genevan ministers, attendant on whom was a young man, Jean de Léry, now scarcely twenty-one years old, who was influenced as much by curiosity to see the country as by zeal for the cause. De Léry has also told his side of the doleful story,2 for Villegagnon soon threw off his mask, and gave play to the passions of his concealed faith; and his Huguenot settlers in the eagerness of the public for it, was hurried through the press, to the detriment of the text. Italian editions followed at Venice, -Historia dell' India America, detta altramente Francia antarctica, in 1561 and 1584. Thevet's character for veracity is not good. The errors which he commits seem sometimes wilful, and have thrown much doubt over his whole story; though with caution it can be used with advantage. Cf. Ferdinand Denis, Lettre sur l'introduction du tabac en France (1851). "Fumée in his Histoire des Indes, and Belleforest in his additions to the Cosmographia of Münster, have not spared him," says Gaffarel; and De Léry is at pains to controvert him on points at considerable length. Cf. the preface to his second edition. 1 A fac-simile from a cut in the Geneva (no place) edition, Historia navigationis in Brasiliam (1586), p. 207. 2 The bibliography of De Léry is followed insufficiently in Gaffarel's edition (p. xiii), and better in Sabin (vol. x. no. 40,148, etc.). The original edition, Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil, was printed at La Rochelle in 1578, though some copies are without place, and others, seemingly the same, bear the name of Rouen. The little octavo is rare, and has been priced of late by Dufossé at 335 francs, by Maisonneuve (no. 2,835) at 450 francs, and by Porquet (1884, no. 1,366) at 500 francs. (CarterBrown, i. 325; Court, no. 203. There is a copy in Harvard College Library). The second edition, "reveue, corrigée, et bien augmentée," was printed at Geneva in 1580, though some copies are without place, and the Court Catalogue (no. 204) gives a copy with a Rochelle imprint (Carter-Brown, i. 335). It is the text of this edition which has been reproduced lately with the following title: Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil. Nouvelle édition, avec une introduction et des notes par P. Gaffarel (Paris, 1880). A third edition appeared in 1585, with Geneva or Rochelle in the imprint, and some copies without place (Brunet, vol. iii. col. 1,004; CarterBrown, i. 363; Porquet, no. 1,367, at 120 francs; Rosenthal, in 1884, no. 48, at 80 marks; Court, no. 205. Field, Ind. Bibliog., no. 914, says "Paris"). Other editions appeared at Geneva in 1594 (Carter-Brown, i. 486; F. S. Ellis, London, 1884, no. 164, £7 15s.), 1599 (Porquet, no. 1,368, 400 francs), 1600, 1604, 1611, 1642, and at were so badly used that, driven from the fort and placed at the mercy of the savages and the Portuguese, they accepted the risks of a crazy vessel and sailed back to France, while a few of their number were hurled by Villegagnon from a precipice into the sea. Paris in 1600 (Carter-Brown, ii. 116; Murphy, no. 1,469; Cat. Hist. Brazil, Bibl. Nac., i. 83, 84). The first Latin edition, Historia navigationis in Brasiliam, appeared at Geneva in 1586, with seven full-page illustrations of native customs; and Brunet says it is rarer than the first French edition (Court, no. 206; Carter-Brown, i. 367; F. S. Ellis, 1884, no. 162, £2 2s.). It was also issued as the second part of Historia India occidentalis, tomis duobus comprehensa, the work of Benzoni being the first part. This bears the imprint of the same Genevan publisher, Vignon (Carter-Brown, i. 365). It was reissued with slight changes in 1594 (Carter-Brown, i. 487; F. S. Ellis, 1884, no. 163, £2 25.). Brunet gives a Latin edition at Heidelberg in 1576, but I find no other trace of it. De Bry issued in his Great Voyages (part iii. 1592, and 1630, p. 137), with plates, what is rather a paraphrase than a translation, and it is moreover scant in the parts about Villegagnon. There was a Dutch edition at Amsterdam in 1597, which is called the scarcest of all the editions. Muller reports having seen only two copies. Another Dutch version appeared in Vander Aa's Collection, 1727. A German edition, with notes, was printed at Münster in 1794. The only English version is what Purchas gives of it in his fourth volume, p. 1325. Gaffarel in his edition (vol. i. p. 186) gives in his notes various references on De Léry's career. 1 This is sketched from the copy, in Kohl's Washington Collection (no. 394), of Freire's manuscript map, which was in Viscount Santarem's possession. The source of the La Plata |