Villegagnon then deserted his companions and returned to France; 1 while the Portuguese, after a year or two, attacked and destroyed the post in 1560. Beyond some narratives of the events, this futile attempt at colonization left no trace, and added little, beyond the PORT DE LA CRUS SANT JULLI C.DE LAS DETROIT DE NICOLAS VALLARD, 1547.* chance descriptions of Thevet, De Léry, and others, to the knowledge which Europe was garnering of the New World in this direction. The French again occupied the post, but only till 1567; when on St. Sebastian's Day, January 20, the fort was again attacked, and the Portuguese ever after maintained the foothold which their forces had won.2 Gomara says that the voyage of Camargo, in 1540, first gave to Europe something approaching a tolerably accurate knowledge of the west coast of Patagonia and Chili. Münster does not seem to have profited by this in the "Typus universalis,” which appeared in the Ptolemy of 1545, and was re-engraved in that of 1552 and in the Cosmographia of Münster in 1554 3 but Juan Freire in his manuscript map (1546) evidently drew from Camargo for this part, as he drew from Pigafetta for the east coast. The draft of Patagonia and the Straits of Magellan in the Nicolas Vallard atlas of 1547, now in the Sir Thomas Phillipps Collection, indicates rather dependence upon Portuguese reports than upon Spanish; and the Portuguese nomenclature of the coast is hardly disguised by the French transformations which it has undergone. The small Spanish map which Medina was allowed to insert in his Arte de navegar, in 1545, was cut off not shown here is in a lake, supposed to be the Lake of Xarayes, discovered by Cabeça de Vaca before 1546. 1 Villegagnon published a reply to the charges against him, Response aux libelles publiez contre le Chevalier de Villegagnon, au lecteur Chrestien (Paris), 1561. F. S. Ellis priced a copy (1884, no. 302) at £5 5s. 2 Parkman tells the story of this French failure in a summarized way, but graphically, in his Pioneers of France, chap. ii; and Gaffarel rehearses it at considerable length in his Brésil Français (p. 139, etc.), with ample references. The ungodly tilting of the two religious factions in the colony is well shown in the Histoire des choses mémorables advenues au la terre du Brésil, published [at Geneva] in 1561 (CarterBrown, i. 237), and Nouvelles annales des voyages, vol. xl. Cf. also Nicolas Barré's Copie de quelques lettres sur la navigation du Chevalier de Villegaignon, Paris, 1557. (Ternaux-Compans, i. 102; cf. De Bry, iii. 285, 295, for a Latin version. The French was again reprinted in Gaffarel's Brésil Français, p. 373, etc.) There are passing mentions of the events in Lescarbot, Nouvelle France (1612), p. 146, and below the La Plata; but the same cut was Popellinière, Les trois mondes, iii. 2. On Villegagnon himself cf. Bayle's Dictionnaire; Guérin, Navigateurs Français, p. 162, and his Marins illus tres, p. 231; Gosselin, Marine Normande (documents), p. 147; Faillon, Colonie Française, i. 534; Nouvelles annales des voyages (1854), iv. 188; Crespin, Histoire des martyrs; C. W. Baird's Huguenot Emigration to America (N. Y. 1885). In the first engraving South America is called "America seu insula Brasilii ;" and in the newly engraved one "Ameria [sic] vel Brasilii insula." 4 The inscription on this atlas, "Dieu pour Espoir. Nicolas Vallard de Dieppe, 1547," renders it uncertain if Vallard was the owner or maker; but Kohl says (no. 447) that the inscriptions in the body of the map are in the same hand. The tropic of Capricorn is marked; but the degrees of longitude, though traced, are not numbered. The bay of Rio de Janeiro is drawn, but not named. 5 A similar dependence on Portuguese originals characterized a French map of an outline very like the Vallard map. It belonged to Jomard when Kohl made the drawing of it which is in the Washington Collection (no. 358). 1 Cf. no. 59 and no. 60, called "Carta marina," and used again in the Ptolemy of 1561. 2 It came out in Gomara's Mexico and his Historia general de las Indias, both in 1554; in Darinel de Tirel's poem, La sphère des deux mondes, in 1555; sometimes in Eden's Decades, in 1555; in Cieça de Leon's Peru, in 1556; and in Levinus Apollonius' De Peruvia, in 15651567. Cf. Mapoteca Colombina, p. 2; Iuth, ii. 605; Stevens, Bibliotheca geographica, no. 1,987; O'Callaghan, no. 613; Rich (1832), no. 30; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 201, 217; Muller (1877), no. 893. The Ptolemy of 1548 gave a greater prolongation of South America toward the south than earlier maps had shown. The maps of this edition were the work of Gastaldi,1 who made a diamond-shaped island of Tierra del Fuego, a novelty at the time. Europe at this period got its ideas of the great South American continent largely from two maps. One of these was the Bellero map, which first appeared at Antwerp in 1554; 2 the other was the map which appeared in Ramusio's Collec tion in 1556, and was repeated in 1565.8 We first get the general easterly course of the Amazon after Orellana's explorations in 1541, though Homem in 1558 interpreted his accounts with an amusing serpentine regularity, while he left the lower western coast of the continent as undefined as it had been drawn many years before. See Vol. II. p. 228. Another fac-simile of Ramusio's map of Brazil is given in Paul Gaffarel's Brésil Français, p. 61. On a portolano preserved in the Department of the Marine at Paris, and ascribed to Guillaume le Testu, see Gaffarel, Brésil Français, p. 122; Berthelot, in Journal de l'instruction publique; F Denis, Une fête Brésilienne à Rouen, in 1550, p. 32. This atlas was made in 1555, and was dedicated to Coligny. Le Testu was killed in an action with Drake in 1572 near Nombre de Dios. Gaffarel also (p. 115) speaks of the explorations on the coast by Jean Alfonsce at an earlier day. The huge Antarctic land connecting Tierra del Fuego with the supposable Australia came back to us again in the Martines map, shown on another page, which is probably to 1 See Vol. II. p. 450. be dated between 1550 and 1560. This last date we may give to a Spanish portolano, preserved in the Bodleian Library, which shows all the South American coast except the northwesterly parts.' Ruscelli, in the Ptolemy of 1561, gives in one of his maps a dotted line to the Chili coast, and leaves indefinite the southern limits of Tierra del Fuego; but in his "Tierra nova" the outline of South America is completed. A map made by Diego Gutierrez, and engraved by Hieronymus Cock in 1562, represents the Amazon much as it is shown by Homem, and introduces an erroneous river system (Rio Marannon) south of the Amazon, which prevailed for a considerable time in the maps. Passing over the map of Des Liens of Dieppe (1566), preserved in the National Library at Paris, as presenting nothing distinctive, we come to the very indicative great Mercator map of 1569, which introduced a remarkably protuberant outline of the southwestern coast of South America. This feature stood as a type with the map-makers for a long time,3 though it was not copied in the Spanish mappemonde of 1573, as figured in Lelewel, nor in the Gilbert map of 1576. The Mercator type, however, found a successful propagandist in Ortelius, who issued (1570) his great atlas the next year after Mercator, and repeated the same outline of South America in 1575 and 1584. Similar maps, dated 1574, are in the Enchiridion of Philippus Gallæus. The double protuberant angles of the west coast which characterize the Mercator-Ortelius type give place to a single projecting angle in the Descrittione di tutto il Peru of Paulo di Forlani da Verona, which is without date, but is placed by Kohl about 1570,- in the Porcacchi maps of 1572 and 1576, and in the manuscript Martines map of 1578 in the British Museum. The extended southern polar continent, to 1 There is a drawing of it in the Kohl Col- Plata. It gives with some precision the Bay lection (no. 356). of Rio de Janeiro. The nomenclature differs from Freire's map. It is no. 428 in Kohl's Collection. 2 This follows Kohl's drawing (no. 429) from an atlas of Homem, preserved in the British Museum, which shows the explorations of Orellana. The same atlas contains a map of the coast of Brazil, with two main forks to the La 3 This map is sketched in Vol. II. p. 452. 4 Vol. i. pl. 7. 5 See Vol. III. p. 203. |