good supper of bread and milk, and this is sufficient until breakfast next morning at half-past seven.

246. Regularity in meals is important for the sake of the child's health, and a child should not be accustomed to bread and butter and other food between meals.

247. The tendency to constipation in childhood may be prevented by seeing that the child attends regularly after breakfast to the calls of nature.

248. This habit once established will become a necessity the child will not wish to avoid, and will save much physic and danger.

249. A child at two years and a half old will digest green cooked vegetables; these may include potatoes, French beans, vegetable-marrow, seakale, young carrots, cauliflower, and boiled

rice.

250. Children should not have their meals with adults; the temptation to give them improper food is difficult to resist, and cruel to indulge in.

251. The child who cries for luxuries that are injurious to it is badly brought up, and when illness comes, is the worst of patients.

252. Every medical man can recall numerous instances, where a fatal result has arisen from the obstinacy of a spoilt child in refusing necessary remedies.

VACCINATION.

253. A child may be vaccinated within twenty-four hours of its birth, but unless small-pox is prevalent, from the age of six weeks to three months is the best time, before teething commences.

254. Referring to vaccination, Dr. Jenner's own words are: 'Duly and efficiently performed, it will protect the constitution against subsequent attacks of small-pox, as much as that disease will; I never expected it would do more, and it will not, I believe, do less.'

255. If vaccination is properly performed, and four or five good vesicles result, the protective power of the operation extends to puberty-about 14 years.

256. A child should be in good health when the operation is done, and free from any skin disease, and the lymph should be taken from eighth-day vesicles.

257. A parent may have the operation done gratuitously by taking the child to the Public Vaccinator, whose name is on the notice paper given when the child is registered, and this is in no way parochial relief.

258. Lymph may also be procured by any person who writes to the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, Whitehall, London, and the source of such lymph can always be ascertained, if any evil results follow; the operation must be performed by a duly qualified medical practitioner.

259. The safest and best plan is from arm to arm; in this case the mother sees the child vaccinated from, and can satisfy herself as to its healthy appearance and freedom from eruptions.

260. The operation is performed in a variety of ways, but the best is done by cross-scratching four spots, just sufficient to show blood, about the size of a threepenny piece, an inch apart, and smearing the surface over with the matter.

261. In two days a small pimple shows in each place; on the fifth or sixth days these become vesicles, and depressed in their centres; by the eighth day they are perfect, round and pearly in colour, surrounded with a blush of rosy inflammation, and the constitution is affected, the infant being fretful and slightly feverish.

262. By the tenth day, the vesicles begin to darken and dry away, and on the fourteenth day they become dry scabs, which fall off in four or five days after, and that dread of mothers and untold blessing for their offspring is over.

263. 'What is worth doing at all, is worth doing well,' and no medical man, from fear of offending, or to please foolish, fond, or ignorant mothers, should vaccinate in less than four places; the proper protection of the infant demands this, and the ratio

of that protection is in exact proportion to the size and number of the vesicles obtained.

264. The danger of Vaccination only exists in the heated imagination of mothers, or in the fertile brains of political agitators and quacks. Mr. Marson says he has, during thirty years' experience at the Small-pox Hospital, in 50,000 vaccinations, never seen other diseases communicated; and Sir W. Jenner says, that out of over 13,000 adults and children, who have come under his care in six years, he has seen no constitutional taint propagated by this means.

265. Dr. Seaton, Sir James Paget, Dr. West, and continental surgeons, testify to the same effect; and the following are the results of Mr. Marson's experiences in the mortality of the vaccinated, badly vaccinated, and unvaccinated in small-pox.

266. Classification of patients affected with small-pox. Number of deaths per cent. in each class respectively.

1. Unvaccinated

2. Stated to have been vaccinated, but no mark of it 3. Vaccinated

(a) Having one vaccine mark

(b) Having two vaccine marks

1.95

0.55

(c) Having three vaccine marks

(d) Having four or more vaccine marks

It will thus be seen that where thirty-five out of a hundred die from small-pox in the unvaccinated, not one in a hundred of those properly vaccinated in four places die when attacked with small-pox.

267. Before vaccination, one-fourteenth of the deaths in London were due to small-pox, so that even assuming that one child out of every twenty died from vaccination, it would then be no worse than what small-pox killed in the last century— with this advantage, that infant life having no responsibility attached to it, alone would suffer, and this without infecting those around with the most horrible and loathsome disease to

which humanity is subject. Mr. Simon says: For a popular notion of the disease (small-pox), it may be enough to cite what it did in royal families. In the circle of William the III., his father and mother, his wife and uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, died of it, also his cousins, the eldest and the youngest daughters of James II., and William himself barely escaped with his life. Again, in the court of Austria, Joseph I. was carried off by small-pox, to which in the course of the eighteenth century, beside him, two empresses, six archdukes and archduchesses, an Elector of Saxony, and the last Elector of Bavaria, fell victims.'

268. Dr. Ellis says of small-pox, 'No more horrible disease exists a black, swollen face; a red, glaring, yet sunken eye; the cuticle distended from the skin by serum and blood: and though vaccination has well-nigh delivered us from this scourge —so much so, that many practitioners have never seen malignant small-pox-still there are persons ignorant and obstinate enough to denounce vaccination, which has certainly been one of the greatest blessings science ever conferred on suffering humanity, as we see clearly enough when we read of the epidemics of the Middle Ages, among which small-pox held no mean sway such persons deserve to have to nurse one or two cases of malignant small-pox, after which experience there would be little heard of "Anti-vaccination Leagues.'

269. At Christ's Hospital, London, from 1751 to 1880, before vaccination was compulsory, the total number of deaths was, in the fifty years, 264, of which 31 were from small-pox. In the half-century included between 1801 and 1850, vaccination was made compulsory; during those fifty years there were 253 deaths, and only one of these was caused by small-pox. This fact is unanswerable and incontrovertible.

270. Out of the many thousand infants I have vaccinated, I have never known one single case of death, or disease follow the operation, that was distinctly traceable to it.

TEETHING.

271. The periods for the eruption of the temporary or milkteeth are as follows: In the seventh month, the front teeth; in the seventh to the tenth, the next; in the twelfth to the fourteenth, the front or small grinders; in the sixteenth to the twentieth, the eye-teeth; in the eighteenth to the thirty-sixth, the back grinders. (See diagram, 280.)

272. The appearance of the permanent teeth takes place in the following order: At six-and-a-half years, the first grinders; at seven, the two middle teeth; at eight, the two lateral incisors or cutting teeth; at nine, the small grinders; at ten, the second grinders; at eleven and twelve, the eye-teeth; at twelve to thirteen, the back grinders; at seventeen to twentyone years, the wisdom-teeth.

273. Previous to the permanent teeth penetrating the gums, the bony partitions which separate them from the milk-teeth disappear, and the permanent teeth become placed under the loose crowns of the milk teeth: the latter finally become detached, and the permanent teeth take their place in the mouth.*

274. This process is so gradual that the crowns of the back teeth are often swallowed with the food.

275. Richard the III., Louis the XIV. of France, and Mirabeau the Revolutionist, are said to have been born with teeth.

276. The period of teething is always one of considerable anxiety to mothers, and where the child is dry- nursed, delicate, or of weakly constitution, it is not devoid of danger.

277. Every fault of bad feeding, mismanagement, and of inherited disease, is put down to the effects of teething, as if nature only gave a child teeth to cause it to have fits, sickness, diarrhoea, rashes, coughs, gripes, etc.

278. Puny infants are subject to diarrhoea during teething, and fat ones to determination of blood to the head.

See Medical Maxims,'