Opinion of the Court.

because it was insufficiently stamped and because it had not been tendered before suit. No objection was made to the form of the bond or the sufficiency of the security. The Court held that the plaintiff was not bound to tender indemnity before suit, but that the bond was insufficiently stamped, and permitted the plaintiff to add the requisite amount of stamps. In this connection the record contains the following: "The plaintiff also testified that he offered an indemnity bond before the suit was commenced, and that the defendant made some remark that amounted to a waiver of such bond." The case was tried by the Court, but no findings were filed. Judgment was for the plaintiff for the amount claimed, but is silent upon the subject of indemnity.

It is first insisted that the complaint is fatally defective in not averring that a proper indemnifying bond had been prepared and tendered before the commencement of the action.

It was held in Welton v. Adams & Co., 4 Cal. 37, and reaffirmed in Price v. Dunlap, 5 Cal. 483, that where it appear: that a negotiable security has been lost or destroyed, the maker has a right to require indemnity against all future claims under it before its payment can be enforced. In the former case, as in this, the security had been destroyed by fire, but it was held that there was no distinction to be made between a lost instrument and one proved to have been destroyed. We are satisfied with the doctrine of that case, but we do not understand that it goes to the length of holding that the bond must be prepared and tendered in advance of suit. The complaint in that case did not aver the tender of a bond, nor, as in the present case, contain an offer to give one, but on the contrary sought to excuse the plaintiffs from giving a bond on the ground of their inability to do so. The Court held that they must give one before the defendants could be compelled to pay, and the judgment of the Court was that "the judgment (which was for the plaintiffs) be reversed and the cause remanded." No direction was given to the Court below to dismiss the action, on the ground that the complaint contained no cause of action, which would doubtless have been

Opinion of the Court.

done had the Court been of that opinion. We therefore regard the case as merely establishing the rule that the law will not enforce the payment of a lost note or bill without first requiring the holder to indemnify the maker if he demands it, and that, contrary to some American authorities, there is no difference in this respect between a merely lost bill and one which the evidence shows has been destroyed.

The only question, then, which we are called upon to determine is whether it is absolutely necessary for the plaintiff to tender a bond before be brings his action.

With the question as to which forum, whether a Court of law or equity, can afford relief in a case like the present, we have nothing to do, for under our system the two are blended, except so far as that question may be collaterally involved in the one before us. In England a suit at common law cannot be maintained in such a case, but resort must be had to a Court of Chancery, which always decrees indemnity (Hansard v. Robinson, 7 Barn. & Cress. 90,) upon the ground that upon the payment of a note or bill the maker or acceptor is entitled by the law merchant to its possession as a voucher of its payment, or, if that cannot be had, to an equivalent in the shape of reasonable indemnity against all future claims upon him. The English doctrine was in effect, as we understand it, adopted in Welton v. Adams & Co., supra. Treating the case, then, as one of equitable cognizance, we think the failure to tender indemnity before suit is not fatal to a recovery, and only affects the question of costs.

The tender of indemnity cannot be considered as any part of the plaintiff's cause of action or as a fact or event upon which his right of action accrues. It is merely a condition which the law imposes upon his right to enforce his cause of action, the performance of which is exacted as a substitute for the delivery of the note or bill, which otherwise he is bound to make upon payment. But it is inequitable to subject the defendant to costs when he may be willing to pay upon reasonable indemnity and before he is placed in the wrong by a tender and refusal. Hence, if the plaintiff desires

Opinion of the Court.

to recover costs, he must make the tender before suit or show a waiver of indemnity on the part of the defendant. On the other hand, all that the defendant can rightfully ask is that he be not required by the Court to pay the money or subjected to costs until reasonable indemnity has been furnished.

The proper course to pursue in such cases is for the plaintiff to prepare and tender before suit reasonable indemnity. If it be refused he can then sue, alleging the tender and refusal, and keep the tender good by filing the bond in Court. If, at the trial, the Court shall be of the opinion that the indemnity is reasonable and sufficient, he will be entitled to judgment with costs. But he may sue and offer in his complaint to give such indemnity as the Court may adjudge reasonable, and upon complying with the order of the Court in that respect, take his judgment, but without costs. This last course was adopted in Tersey v. Gary, commented on by Lord Chancellor Hardwick in Walmsley v. Childs, 1 Vesey Sr. 345, and sustained. The same principle was recognized in Gray v Dougherty, 25 Cal. 282. In cases like the present the costs are regulated by the four hundred and ninety-eignth section of the Practice Act, and are left to the discretion of ae Court to be awarded or apportioned according to the equity of the

case.

In this case, as before stated, there is no averment of a previous tender, and but for the fact that such tender seems to have been waived by the defendant, we should be compelled to reverse the judgment so far as the allowance of costs is concerned. We think, however, that the allowance of costs was correct in view of that fact.

The exceptions taken to the admission of the written assignment of the note by the original payee to the plaintiff are answered by the fact that the assignment was not in issue and no proof of it was therefore required. The attempted denial of the assignment in the answer is in these words: "And this defendant further answering on information and belief, denies that said Daniel Richards, for a valuable consideration, assigned, by a written instrument, the indebtedness due upon

Statement of Facts.

said note, or that the said assignment was stamped with United States revenue stamps of the required amount and denomination, or that any written assignment was made." This is not a denial of the assignment. If it can be considered as a denial at all, it can only be considered as a denial that the assignment was in writing, and that it was made for a valuable consideration. Such a denial was held bad in Burke v. Tabie Mountain Water Company, 12 Cal. 407, and Morrill v. Morrill, 26 Cal. 292. The pleadings being verified and the assignment not specifically denied, it must be taken as admitted for all the purposes of the trial.

Judgment affirmed.

WILLIAM T. COLEMAN, HENRY CARLTON, JR., AND EDWARD MOTT ROBINSON, v. F. A. WOODWORTH AND C. W. HOWARD, ADMINISTRATORS OF The Estate of CHARLES DOANE, DECEASED.

ACTION AGAINST ADMINISTRATOR FOR TORT OF INTESTATE- A cause of action for the wrongful taking and conversion of personal property survives against the personal representatives of the wrongdoer after his decease. PRESENTATION OF CLAIM TO ADMINISTRATOR.— An objecttion that a claim against the estate of the intestate has not been presented to the administrator for allowance or rejection, if not made in the Court below, cannot be raised in the Supreme Court.

APPEAL from the District Court, Twelfth Judicial District, City and County of San Francisco.

Charles Doane was Sheriff of the City and County of San Francisco, and as such, an execution on a judgment in favor of N. C. Lane and against Harvey Dickinson was placed in his hands. By virtue of the execution, Doane seized personal property claimed by plaintiffs, and they brought an action against him for the wrongful taking and conversion of the same. Pending the action Doane died, and plaintiffs' attornevs suggested his death, and moved that hie administrators

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be substituted as defendants in the action. The Court granted the motion, defendants' counsel excepting.

Plaintiffs recovered judgment in the Court below, and defendants appealed.

The other facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Jabish Clement, for Appellants.

The rule of law is, that where the wrongful act of the dece dent did not result in any benefit to the estate, no cause of action survives against the administrator. This rule is laid down, and all the previous authorities upon the subject are cited and discussed in People v. Gibb, 9 Wend. 30. To the same effect are Wilbur v. Gilmore, 21 Pick. 252; Osborne v. Bell, 5 Denio, 370-76.

George F. & Wm. H. Sharp, for Respondents.

By the Court, SANDERSON, C. J.

I. The first point made by counsel for appellants, to the effect that the cause of action set forth in the complaint does not survive against the personal representative of the defendants' intestate, is answered by the one hundred and ninetyseventh section of the Act to regulate the settlement of the estates of deceased persons, which provides that "any person or his personal representatives shall have an action against the executor or administrator of any testator or intestate who in his lifetime shall have wasted, destroyed, taken or carried away, or converted to his own use the goods or chattels of any such person, or committed any trespass upon the real estate of such person."

II. The second point, to the effect that no proof was made of the presentment of the claim to the defendants for their allowance or rejection, as provided in the one hundred and thirtyeighth section of the Act to regulate the settlement of the estates of deceased persons, is answered by the case of Hentsch v. Porter, 10 Cal. 555, where it was held that the objection