of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter. In 1868 he located in Chicago, and has since given his attention almost solely to architecture, the result being seen in some of Chicago's most noteworthy buildings.

JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the middle division of the State, bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Originally a part of Greene County, it was separately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square miles. There were a few settlers in the county as early as 1816-17 Jerseyville, the county-seat, was platted in 1834, a majority of the early residents being natives of, or at least emigrants from, New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the character of the soil, is especially adapted to fruit-growing and stock-raising. The census of 1890 gave the population of the county as 14,810, and of Jerseyville, 3,207. Grafton, near the junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had a population of 927. The last mentioned town is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a number of men.

JERSEYVILLE, a city and county-seat of Jersey County, the point of junction of the Chicago & Alton and the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agricultural district, but has manufactories of flour, plows, carriages and wagons, and watchmaking machinery. It contains a handsome court house, completed in 1894, nine churches, a graded public school, besides a separate school for colored children, a convent, railway carshops, electric lights, artesian wells, and three papers-two weekly and one daily. Population (1880), 2,894; (1890), 3;207.

JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the northwest corner of the State; has an area of 663 square miles; population (1890), 25, 101. It was first explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthillier) was the first permanent white settler, locating on the site of the present city of Galena in 1820. About the same time came several American families; a trading post was established, and the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining privileges were granted upon a royalty of onesixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected the same year. Immigration increased rapidly

and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu lation of 150, and a post-office was established with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, then the State capital. In 1827 county organization was effected, the county being named in honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original tract, however, has been subdivided until it now constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an active part in both the Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were placed on the market by the Government, and quickly taken by corporations and individuals. The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly in the east) well suited to the cultivation of grain. The county is well wooded and well watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Government Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. Its early growth was extraordinary, but later (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 population and was incorporated; in 1870 it had about 7,000 population, and, in 1890, 5,635. The names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne are associated with its history. Other important towns in the county are Warren (population 1,172), East Dubuque (1,069) and Elizabeth (495).

JOHNSON, Caleb C., lawyer and legislator, was born in Whiteside County, Ill., May 23, 1844, educated in the common schools and at the Military Academy at Fulton, Ill.; served during the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hundred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years later, began practice. He has served upon the Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside County; in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for his District during the first Cleveland administration, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888.

JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860; held Presbyterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Philadelphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological

Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhetoric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his attention thereafter to the duties of his professorship. He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. Besides many periodical articles, he has published several volumes on religious subjects.

JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physician, was born near Buffalo, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1822; at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, by teaching in the winter and attending an academy in the summer, prepared for college, entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and, the year following, associate editor of "The Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For three years he was a member of the faculty of Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the founders of a new medical school, which has now become a part of Northwestern University. During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chairman of the State Board of Medical Examiners; later serving upon the Board of Health of Chicago, and upon the National Board of Health. was also attending physician of Cook County Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Directors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His connections with local, State and National Societies and organizations (medical, scientific, social and otherwise) were very numerous. He traveled extensively, both in this country and in Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting much time to the study of foreign sanitary conditions, and making further attainments in medicine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Northwestern University. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, Feb. 26, 1891.

He

JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern portion of the State, and is one of the smallest counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, and a population (1890) of 15,013-named for Col.

Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of water shed) extends from east to west, the waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coalmeasures) crops out here and there. Sandstone and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in small quantities. Weak copperas springs are numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised for home consumption and fruit-culture receives some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with a population, in 1890, of 828.

JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson County, Ill., where he began farming. He subsequently engaged in merchandising, but proving unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, serving first as County Commissioner and then as County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following year he was made Paymaster in the United States Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission appointed to investigate claims against the State for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Third Division, being elected to the same position in 1861. Other positions held by him included those of Deputy United States Marshal under the administration of President Polk, Commissioner to superintend the construction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was also elected Representative again in 1866. The later years of his life were spent as President of the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, November, 1891, in his 92d year.

JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of railway. The city lies chiefly in the valley, though partly built on bluffs on either side of

the river. A good quality of calcareous building stone underlies the entire region, and is extensively quarried. Gravel, cement and fire-clay are also easily obtained and in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary stands just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufacturing center, the census of 1890 crediting the city with 201 establishments (representing forty-three industries) with $9,078,727 capital; employing 3,037 hands; paying $1,844, 138 for wages and $8,624,285 for raw material, and turning out an annual product valued at $12,180,367. The leading industries are the manufacture of steel rails, foundry and machine shop products, engines, agricultural implements, bicycles, stoves and clocks, besides quarrying and stone-cutting. The canal supplies valuable water-power. The city boasts many handsome public buildings and private residences. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 23,264, (including suburbs), 34,473. The Fifty-fifth Congress made an appropriation for the erection of a Government building in Joliet for post-office purposes.

JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.)

JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the furtrade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important service began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of Wisconsin and down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal hydrographer and given the island of Anticosti, he never revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jealousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700.

JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, constituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island-a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet &

Blue Island Railway. The capital stock authorized and paid in is $100,000. The company's general offices are in Chicago.

JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAILROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, Ill., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Railroad Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is $300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $62,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.)

JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, Ill., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expectations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, during twelve years of that period being its.chairman. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but has found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also.

JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illinois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after practicing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Philadelphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary