or bullied, who would neither inflict nor suffer any wrong, and who had a limitless fund of fortitude, endurance, and indomitable resolution upon which to draw when fortune proved adverse. His self-command and patience, his daring, restless love of adventure, and, in time of danger, his absolute trust in his own powers and resources, all combined to render him peculiarly fitted to follow the career of which he was so fond.

ROOSEVELT, from The Winning of the West.

KINDS OF PREDICATE ATTRIBUTES.

14. In Section 5, point out the words that denote qualities of objects. Most of the attributes there asserted of the subjects of thought are qualities. Study the following sentences, to learn what other ideas the predicate attribute may denote. Point out those that denote action; condition.

(a) Bees are humming.

(b) The waves are dancing.

(c) That wonderful child is Helen Keller. (d) The cut flowers are withered.

(e) The uncut flowers remain fresh.

(f) Lafayette was a Frenchman.

(g) The Washington Elm was in Cambridge. (h) It is decaying.

(i) St. Paul's Cathedral is a famous church.

(j) The builder was Christopher Wren.

(k) The sky is blue.

(1) Easter lilies are white.

(m) Dutch shoes are of wood.

(n) Dutch shoes are wooden.

(0) That peculiar flower is an orchid.

(p) Rembrandt was an artist.

In sentence (c), what words tell what child it is, or identify the child? In sentence (o), what word is used to identify the flower? A word used as a predicate attribute to identify the subject is called an attribute of identification. What word classifies Lafayette as to his nationality, or tells in what class to place him? Rembrandt, as to his profession? Such an attribute shows in

what class to place the subject, and is called an attribute of classification. In (n), what attribute is asserted of Dutch shoes? Is the same attribute asserted in (m)? By what words? In (g), what attribute is asserted of the Washington Elm? By what words? It may take a group of words to make the predicate attribute. Point out the words in the sentences that express attributes of color; of location or position; of identification; of classification; of material.

These predicate attributes - of quality, action, condition, identification, classification, and material are the commonest at

tributes.

It should be understood that when a noun is used as a predicate attribute, all the attributes or qualities that together make up the idea named by the noun are asserted of the subject. In the sentence, "Jack is funny," only one attribute is asserted of "Jack." But in the sentence "Jack is a boy,” all the attributes that together make up the idea of "boy" are asserted of "Jack"; for example, Jack is young, small, lively, talkative, boastful, generous, and all the other qualities that together make up the idea of a real boy. Nouns used to name attributes in most cases name an attribute of classification or identification ; as Helen Keller and Frenchman in the sentences above. (See Section 1.)

When a noun is the predicate attribute, it is often called a predicate noun.

EXERCISE.

15. In the following sentences, select the subjects, predicate attributes, and copulas. Tell what each of the attributes denotes. In studying the lesson it would be well to ask yourself these questions:

1. What is the sentence about?

2. What names the subject of thought?

3. What does the sentence tell me about the subject of thought?

4. What word or words join the subject with the predicate attribute, and make the assertion?

The answer to the second question is the subject of the sentence; the answer to the third is the attribute; and the answer to the fourth is the copula.

1. Cathedrals are impressive. 2. The clouds are fleecy.

3. A musical voice is a delight.

4. These sentences seem short. 5. The lesson is easy.

6. The garden will be gay.

7. Berries will be plentiful.

8. The cloudy sky is sad and gray.

9. The white birch is a beautiful tree. 10. Violets and dandelions are in bloom. 11. November woods are bare and still.

12. An icy hand is on the land.

13. Oliver Cromwell was an Englishman.

14. That sweet-faced woman is Frances Willard.

15. Truth is within ourselves.

16. The year is at the spring.

17. Day is at the morn.

18. The lark is on the wing.

19. God is in His world.

20. Silence is a great peacemaker.

21. Helen Hunt Jackson was the Indian's friend.

22. "Ramona" is her greatest novel.

23. The warmest coats are of fur.

24. The finest churches are of stone.

25. The bird of Paradise is of glorious plumage.

A GROUP OF WORDS AS PREDICATE ATTRIBUTE.

16. In Section 15, tell which predicate attributes are expressed by a single word. Point out each group of words used to express the predicate attribute of the sentence. Tell which groups of words denote quality. Which denote position or location? material? condition? identification? The predicate attribute, then, may be a single word or a group of words.

EXERCISE.

17. Separate the sentences below into their three elements: subject, copula, and predicate attribute.

MODEL. "Example is the school of mankind" is a sentence, because it is the expression of a complete thought in words. "Example" is the subject, because it names that of which something is asserted.

"The school of mankind" is the predicate attribute, because it names that which is asserted of the subject.

"Is" is the copula, because it asserts the relation between the subject and the predicate attribute.

3. Florence Nightingale was a noble woman.

4. Automobiles are a recent invention.

5. Lowell was the son of a minister.

6. Pennsylvania is the coal-bin of the United States. 7. Rome was the capital of the world.

8. Lew Wallace is the author of "Ben Hur."

9. Shakespeare is the greatest author of all time. 10. Gold is the standard of the world's money.

11. Some questions are difficult to answer. 12. Every flower is a hint of God's beauty. 13. No good thing is failure.

14. No bad thing is success.

A GROUP OF WORDS AS THE SUBJECT.

18. In the sentences of the preceding lessons, the subjects have been nouns or pronouns. Study the sentences in this lesson to find whether the subject is always a noun or a pronoun.

(a) To be up and doing is a joy.

(b) Whatever Abraham Lincoln said was earnest and sin

cere.

(c) To feel an honest joy at the success of another is noble.

In (a), of what is the assertion made that it is a joy? What words, then, express the subject of the thought? Is there a noun in the subject? In (b), the assertion is that something was earnest and sincere. What? Repeat the group of words used to express the subject of the thought. What does (c) assert is noble? What, then, is the subject of the sentence?

So, just as a group of words may form the predicate attribute of a sentence, a group of words may make the subject of a sentence.

EXERCISE.

19. Give both the oral and the written analysis of the sentences below, following the model in Section 17.

What is the subject of the thought?

What is asserted of the subject?

What word joins the subject with the predicate attribute?

1. Well begun is good.

2. Well done is better.

3. To catch fish in a tub is unsportsmanlike.

4. What Washington did was wise.

5. To guess and to know are two different things.

6. Doing nothing for others is the undoing of ourselves.

7. Not to weep over a dish of peeled onions is difficult.

8. To gossip about one's neighbors is a common, but contemptible fault.

9. To be angry with a door or a wood box is boylike.

10. The best preparation for good work to-morrow is to do good

work to-day.

11. To know all is to forgive all.

EXERCISE.

20. Write five sensible sentences, with copulas and predicate attributes, and with nouns as subjects. Write five more with groups of words as subjects. Be ready to separate these sentences into their three elements.