9. The man who in this world can keep the whiteness of his soul is not likely to lose it in any other.

10. There is no royal road to anything. One thing at a time, all things in succession. That which grows fast, withers rapidly; that which grows slowly, endures.

11. Good name in man and woman, dear my lord,

Is the immediate jewel of their souls:

Who steals my purse steals trash; 't is something, nothing;

'T was mine, 't is his, and has been slave to thousands;
But he that filches from me my good name

Robs me of that which not enriches him

And makes me poor indeed.

USES OF DEMONSTRATIVE AND INDEFINITE

PRONOUNS.

159. (a) This is my choice of the books; I do not like that. (b) Some place the bliss in action, some in ease;

Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. (c) One that has newly learned to speak and go Loves childish plays.

(d) None pities him that's in the snare.

Not to remember where they hid their gold.

(f) All is for the best.

(g) All are needed by each one;

Nothing is good or fair alone.

(h) A little in one's own pocket is better than much in

another's purse.

(i) Many are called, but few are chosen.

(j) Either of the plans seemed impracticable to the far-
seeing Lincoln; and neither was adopted.

(k) Not any of the numerous candidates was chosen.
(1) Damon and Pythias loved each other.

(m) Bear ye one another's burdens.

What is the difference in meaning between this and that, these and those?

How many are meant by One in (c)? by None in (d)? None in (e)? Account for the use of is in (f) and are in (g). What is the difference in meaning between much and many in (h) and (i) ? When should you use either or neither? and when should you

use any or not any? Study (j) and (k) for your answers. How many persons are mentioned in (1)? How many may be meant in (m)? When should you use each other and when one another ?

This and these are used to point out things near at hand; while that and those are used of things remote in time or place or thought.

One and any were originally closely related; but one is now used only of one object; while we use any when referring to one or to several.

EXAMPLE. Any suits me.

Any suit me.

None, the negative of one, strictly speaking, should be used of but one object; but it is now common to use none when referring to more than one; and when but one is meant, to use the words not one.

All, when it means everything, is singular; all, when it means the whole number of things, is plural.

Many refers to number and is plural; much refers to quantity and is singular.

Either and neither are used when a choice between two is offered; one and not one, any and not any, when the choice is among several.

Each other is used when speaking of two; one another when speaking of more than two. They are phrasal pronouns, and should be treated as one word.

EXERCISE.

160. Bring two sentences to class containing demonstrative pronouns, and three sentences containing indefinite pronouns. Also bring five sentences containing the same words used as adjectives.

EXERCISE.

161. Analyze the following sentences. Parse all the

pronouns.

1. To those whose god is honor, disgrace alone is sin.

2. Good manners is the art of making those people easy with whom we converse.

3. Come one, come all! this rock shall fly

From its firm base as soon as I.

4. An idle person is like one that is dead.

5. A man has no more right to say an uncivil thing than to act one; no more right to say a rude thing to another than to

knock him down.

6. All that glitters is not gold.

7. Few, few shall part where many meet.

8. God made both tears and laughter; and both for kind pur

poses.

9. Hitherto the two rival European nations had kept each other in check upon the American continent, and the Indians had in some measure held the balance of power between them. 10. Seldom shall one see in rich families that athletic soundness and vigor of constitution which is seen in cottages, where Nature is cook and Necessity the caterer.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF PRONOUNS.

162. 1. The objective case form of a personal pronoun is sometimes incorrectly used as a subject.

EXAMPLE. Correct:

He and I are going.
Incorrect: Me and him are going.

2. A nominative case form is sometimes used incorrectly as the object of a verb or a preposition.

EXAMPLE.

Correct:

He invited you and me.

Between you and me he is mistaken.

Incorrect: He invited you and I.

Between you and I he is mistaken.

3. After as or than, the same case of the pronoun should be used as is used before the word.

EXAMPLE.

Correct:

He is taller than I.

He thought me to be taller than him.

Incorrect: He is taller than me.

He thought me to be taller than he.

4. When a pronoun is separated from the word which makes clear its use in the sentence, care should be taken to have the right case form.

EXAMPLE.

Correct:

I saw the crippled man who they thought

was dead.

Incorrect: I saw the crippled man whom they thought

was dead.

5. The possessive form of either a personal or a conjunctive pronoun never has an apostrophe. "Hi's" as the possessive of "He" is never seen; but "her's" and "it's " as possessives are seen so often that one has to think whether they are not right. All are wrong. So, too, is "who's" for "whose."

6. Either, neither, one, every, each, man, person, are all singular; and when a pronoun refers to one of these words, it must be kept in the singular.

EXAMPLE. Correct: Any one in his senses would avoid a mad

dog.

Neither had his work finished. (See Sec

tion 198, 5.)

Incorrect: Any one in their senses would avoid a mad

dog.

Neither had their work finished.

7. A pronoun is to be used in place of a noun to avoid unpleasant repetition. But a noun should be repeated whenever there is any danger of being misunderstood. Never avoid repetition when clearness is gained by it.

EXAMPLE.

Correct:

Damon and Pythias were firm friends.
Damon took his friend's place as a con-

victed criminal while Pythias went to

the marriage of his sister.

Incorrect: Damon and Pythias were firm friends. He

took his friend's place as a convicted criminal while he went to the marriage of his sister.

8. A pronoun should never be used with a noun, if the noun alone is sufficient.

Mary, bursting into the room, exclaimed, "Wasn't that a great fire, though!"

Incorrect: John he did it.

Mary, bursting into the room, she exclaimed, "Wasn't that a great fire, though !"

9. The interrogative who is sometimes incorrectly used for whom.

10. A conjunctive pronoun should be so placed that there can be no doubt as to what its antecedent is.

EXAMPLE. Correct: With a pipe in the corner of his jolly mouth, he came rolling through the door, which

was barely wide enough to let him pass. Incorrect: He came rolling through the door, with a pipe in the corner of his jolly mouth,

which was barely wide enough to let him pass.

11. The antecedent should not be a possessive modifier. It leads to confusion.

EXAMPLE.

Correct: The father of the boy that was studying
Latin was a mechanic.

Incorrect: The boy's father that was studying Latin
was a mechanic.

NOTE TO THE TEACHER. Many examples of the errors given here can be found in the composition work of the pupils. Sentences containing the actual errors made by the pupils should be collected by the teacher, and these should be made the basis of lessons in which the reason for the change from the incorrect form to the correct is definitely stated. A lesson a week for the last four or five months of the course in grammar can be very profitably spent in this

way.