elect trustees to succeed the said incorporators. No association shall be incorporated or commence to collect and disburse funds until a majority of the teachers of the district have approved the plan. After incorporation all teachers employed the first time for one year or more shall be deemed to have applied for membership in the assaciation. There shall be turned over to said association 3 per cent of the amount received by said district from county tax and also all fines, penalties, and forfeitures collected from teachers for violation of regulations. If funds available are insufficient to pay annuities due, the amount available shall be prorated among those entitled to receive the same. The word "teachers" in this act shall include superintendents, supervisors, and principals, as well as instructors. Any annuity payable to a member shall be exempt from attachment, garnishment, or execution.

Pennsylvania: Board of school directors of any district is hereby empowered to establish, contribute to, and administer a teachers' retirement fund; such fund, in addition to amounts so contributed, shall include funds donated or bequeathed from other sources, together with reasonable contributions from teachers; but no person shall be required to contribute any part of his salary unless so provided for in his contract. Contributors shall be represented in making regulations governing such fund; every teacher, principal, or supervising official retiring in accordance with such regulations shall be entitled to an annuity.

Rhode Island: Any person of either sex who shall have engaged in teaching 35 years, 25 of which years, including 15 years immediately preceding retirement, shall have been in public schools of this State, may, upon voluntary retirement or retirement by employer, receive an annual pension from the State equal to one-half average salary for five years preceding retirement, but such pension shall not exceed $500 per year; any teacher who shall have taught for at least 20 years in public schools of State, and is incapacitated mentally or physically for such work, may retire or be retired, and shall receive pension in proportion time of service bears to 35 years. State board of education shall pass on applications for said pensions.

South Carolina: See A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc. Utah: On request of a majority of teachers employed in a city of the first class or in the State at large outside of cities of the first class, the board of education in any such city, or the State board of education, shall authorize the organiaztion of a public school teachers' retirement commission. In cities of first class commission shall consist of seven members, viz, three elected from membership of association by members thereof, superintendent of schools, clerk of school board, and two members elected by school board. In State at large commission shall consist of 15 members, viz, State auditor, treasurer, superintendent, attorney general, and 11 members elected by association from membership thereof. Commission shall meet at least once each year and shall make an annual financial report. Funds shall be of two classes-permanent and current. When a retirement commission is duly organized, city superintendent or State superintendent, as case may be, shall notify teachers in service, and such teachers may elect to become members of association; teachers coming into the service for the first time shall sign contract agreeing to become members of association. Source of income: (1) Deduction of 1 per cent of teachers' salaries, but not to exceed 1 per cent of salary of $1,200, annually; (2) deduction from teachers' salaries on account of absence through sickness, but not to exceed five days in any one year for a teacher; (3) all moneys received from gifts, bequests, etc.

First two of these sources shall constitute current fund; last mentioned shall constitute permanent fund unless otherwise indicated by donor; only interest of permanent fund shall be available for current expenditure. On recommendation of commission, city or State board of education may, by two-thirds vote, retire any member of association who has taught in the city or State 10 years, whose aggregate service has been 30 years or more, and who has become mentally or physically incapacitated; on retirement such person shall receive an annuity equal to one-half of average annual salary received during five years just preceding; if such person shall have had an aggregate service of less than 30 but more than 20 years, amount received shall be such a part of full annuity as years of service are a part of 30. Any teacher having taught 30 years, one-third of which shall have been in city or State where association is located, and having reached the age of 60 years, shall, upon his or her request, or upon recommendation of commission and two-thirds vote of board of education, be retired, and shall receive an annuity equal to one-half of average annual salary for five years just preceding. No annuity shall exceed $600. Any teacher retired before having paid 1 per cent of salary during years of service claimed, not to exceed $1,200 annually, shall have amount due deducted from annuity. Teacher removing to district outside of bounds of his or her association may either have membership transferred or retain "absent membership," and continue to pay dues. In case of death of member having dependent relatives before retirement, such member's estate shall be entitled to refund of all moneys paid in by said member. If funds are sufficient to pay annuities due, amount available shall be prorated. "Teacher," as used in this act, shall for cities include superintendents, supervisors, principals, and teachers; for State at large, presidents of faculties, superintendents, professors, instructors, supervisors, principals, and teachers.

Vermont: A permanent State teachers' retirement fund is hereby established to consist of (1) contributions of teachers, (2) contributions by the Vermont teacher retirement fund, (3) all donations, legacies, gifts, and bequests made to said fund, (4) appropriations made by legislature for purpose, (5) income from investment of said retirement fund. Retirement fund shall be under control of Vermont State teachers' retirement fund board, which shall consist of the governor, superintendent of education, State treasurer, and the president of the Vermont Teachers' Retirement Fund Association ex officio, and one member of said association, to be elected by it biennially. President of said association and member elected by it shall serve two years. Members of said board shall recieve no compensation, but shall receive expenses. Said board shall keep separate account of funds received from various sources; shall report annually to auditor of accounts funds received from said association. State treasurer shall be custodian of retirement fund, and said fund shall be invested only in those securities in which savings banksTM invest their funds. Income of such fund shall be paid to beneficiaries under rules of said board. Said board shall make biennial report to legislature. A teacher who has taught in public schools of the State not less than 25 years of at least 28 weeks of 5 days each shall upon retirement receive from income of retirement fund an amount equal to one-half of average salary of said teacher for last five years of service, not to exceed $500 annually. A teacher who has taught in public schools 30 years, 20 years of which shall have been in this State, and of equal length as hereinbefore provided, shall be entitled to an annuity not to exceed amount hereinbefore provided. Any public-school teacher incapacitated for further school work shall

receive from said income an amount determined by said board, but not to exceed annuity hereinbefore provided. Principals and union superintendents and normal-school teachers shall be entitled to said annuities. To receive such annuity a teacher shall present proof (1) as to age, length of service, or infirmities, (2) of largest salary received, (3) that he has retired from paid work in public schools, (4) that he has contributed to said retirement fund a sum equal to 40 per cent of annuity to which he is entitled. No teacher entitled to such benefits on reaching age of 60 years shall thereafter receive such benefits unless he retires from paid work as teacher on reaching said age. Until income from said fund shall be sufficient to pay all annuities said board may divide such income proportionately among beneficiaries or pay annuities in order of periods of service to the State, or may withhold same and add to principal of fund until income shall become sufficient to meet any or all annuities. Teachers may be pensioned from moneys raised by towns or incorporated districts for school purposes. A teacher who has taught in a public school 30 years is eligible to receive a pension. No pension voted by town or incorporated district shall exceed one-half average salary received by teacher for last five years of service. A pension may be voted by town or incorporated district upon recommendation of directors or prudential committee at annual or at special meeting called for such purpose.

Virginia: Persons who may be retired.-Class A shall include every person who has taught in the public schools of the State an aggregate of at least 20 years, with a good record, and who is mentally or physically incapable of rendering efficient service; class B shall include every person who has taught in the public schools of the State an aggregate of at least 30 years, with a good record, and has reached the age of 58 years if a man or 50 years if a woman. The State board of education shall place such persons on the "retired teachers' list," but division superintendents shall not be placed on such list. The State board of education or the State board of health may at any time and shall once every three years require persons retired under class A to be examined by a physician, and if disability no longer exists State board of education shall remove the said person from the retired list; any person removed from such list shall be restored to the same rights regarding certificates as he possessed at the time of application for retirement; any person so removed may be restored to list at any time when eligible; any retired teacher who shall engage in teaching in a public school shall be removed from said list; any unmarried woman on the retired list who has taught less than 30 years or who is less than 50 years old shall be removed from said list if she marries; when any person is removed from list he shall receive back amount paid into fund with 6 per cent interest, less any amounts paid to him out of retired teachers' fund. Any person in either class shall have deducted from the first year's pension an amount equal to 30 per cent of the average annual salary earned during the last five years, less the amounts already contributed to pension fund by said person; such deduction shall be used to create a permanent endowment. Sources of fund: (1) One per cent of each teacher's salary; (2) State appropriation of $5,000 per annum; (3) gifts and bequests. State board of education shall invest the fund; only the income shall be used in paying pensions. Amount of pension: A sum paid quarterly equal to one-eighth of the average annual salary during last five years, but not exceeding $400 per annum, except that a person whose average salary during last five years was $1,000 or more, may be paid $500 per annum. No person shall be placed on the pension list after January 1,

1914, unless such person shall have taught at least five sessions since July 1, 1908. State board of education shall publish annually a list of names on the retired teachers' list; said board shall make rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of this act.

Wisconsin: Board of trustees of teachers' insurance and retirement fund shall consist of five members, including State treasurer and State superintendent of public instruction, ex officio, and three members, one to be a woman, elected by members of said fund, one member elected each year; term, three years; any vacancy in board shall be filled by board until next board meeting; said board may elect a secretary; State treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of said fund; said board shall meet annually, and may adopt rules relative to business of said fund; members of said board shall receive no pay except expenses incurred, but secretary may receive annual salary not to exceed $1,200, to be paid out of said fund. Said board shall have control of said fund, and shall invest same under same conditions as trust funds of the State are invested; said board shall make annual report to members of said fund and to State superintendent; said board shall not be a corporation, but may sue and be sued; all actions by or against board shall be prosecuted or defended, as case may be, by attorney general. Each school-district board, high-school district board, town board of school directors, board of education, or other managing body of each city, and of each school district, and of each village, and of each town operating schools under township system of school government, shall retain out of salary of teachers following amounts: One per cent per annum, not to exceed $15 per year, for each of first 10 years of service; and 2 per cent per annum, not to exceed $30 per year, for each successive year of service, until said teacher shall have had total of 25 years' of teaching service; total amount paid into such fund by teacher shall not be less than annuity to be received. Each of said school boards hereinbefore named shall annually report amounts so deducted from teachers' salaries to treasurer of town, village, or city in which schoolhouse of said teacher is located, and shall report such other facts relative to teachers and schools as may be required by law; said school board shall make a like report to superintendent of the county, district, or city in which schoolhouse is located; said superintendent shall transmit such report annually to board of said fund; said board of said fund, each of said school boards, and each of said superintendents shall keep complete records of data contained in said reports. Each town, village, and city treasurer shall annually forward amounts so received from school boards to the county treasurer; county treasurer shall annually transmit such amounts to State treasurer. No city, village, town, or school district shall share in the seven-tenths mill-tax apportionment for any year unless said report has been made and said amounts have been paid to State treasurer. State treasurer shall annually set side from seven-tenths mill tax levied for common schools 10 cents for each person of school age in the State, which, together with donations or legacies therefor, or moneys received from any legal source of increment, shall constitute the "teachers' insurance and retirement fund." To retire and receive an annuity the teacher shall have taught 25 years, 18 of which shall have been in public schools of Wisconsin; such teacher shall pay such amount as is necessary to make total of assessments equal such annuity. A teacher after 18 years of teaching in public schools of the State, when mentally or physically incapacitated for further service, may retire and receive an annuity; such teacher shall pay such amount as is necessary to make total of assessments equal to annuity received. Each teacher so retiring shall receive annuity of $12.50 for each

year of service, not to exceed $450 in any one year; board of trustees may ratably reduce annuities when condition of fund shall require such reduction. Any teacher who shall cease to teach in public schools may, upon application to board of trustees, receive one-half of amount paid into fund by said teacher; if said teacher shall return to service, he shall return amount so received, with simple interest on same not to exceed 4 per cent on amount for time drawn out. Payments from fund shall be made from income thereof, and in addition, when necessary, from principal of certain moneys as provided by law. One year's leave or leaves of absence legally granted to teachers shall be computed as part of 25 years of service, if teacher shall pay assessment for such time. Any teacher retiring under provisions of this act may again enter upon work of teaching, but shall receive no annuity while teaching. Such annuities shall be exempt from legal process and inalienable. Office of board of trustees shall be in the capitol. Term "teacher" shall include teachers, superintendents and assistant superintendents of schools, supervisors of instruction, principals, and assistant principals, and special teachers. Cities of first class are exempted from provisions of this act.

G. TEACHERS: PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION.

(a) University Departments and Schools of Education. See G (b), State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges.

G (b). State Normal Schools.

Alabama: Board of control of normal schools1 for white persons.-Governor, State superintendent, and six members appointed by the governor; one of six appointive members appointed each year. Duties of board: To visit and inspect each school at least once a year; require, as far as practicable, the same course of study; require presidents of schools to prepare course of study; elect presidents, teachers, and other officers, and fix their salaries; make rules and regulations for the government of such schools; six appointive members shall report to legislature; board shall meet on call of chairman; board shall provide summer training courses; no compensation, except traveling expenses.

See also B (e), State aid for elementary education.

Arizona: Normal schools for the training of teachers, both male and female, are established at Tempe and at Flagstaff. Each such school shall have three trustees appointed for two years by the governor; State superintendent shall be ex officio a member of such board; secretary of board, who shall be a member thereof, shall make such reports to legislature as may be required by this chapter; governor may remove a member for being agent of publisher of school books or school library books. Board may elect principal and teachers and fix their salaries and may remove them; board may prescribe books to be used and make rules for the government of the school; they may require students to file declaration of intention to teach. Special courses may be installed for teaching vocational, industrial, and other special teach

1 Six such schools for whites and three for colored persons are provided by law, 3966-15-30