public schools, open and free to the youth of the parish in which said city is located, and levy, collect, and expend annually for the conduct, maintenance, and support of said schools the proceeds of at least 3 mills of the annual tax which they are empowered to levy on each dollar of the assessed valuation of property; and such cities shall not pay and turn over to the parish school board the proceeds of at least 3 mills of the annual tax, or any part thereof, as herein provided, and shall be exempted from the same so long as such cities continue to conduct, maintain, and support free schools as herein provided, under the supervision and control of the State board of education and independent of parochial school authorities: Provided further, That such city shall not be entitled to membership on the parish board of school directors and that the electors of such city shall not be eligible to vote at the elections for such directors for the parish in which such city is situated. * * *

ART. 256. The Louisiana State Normal School, established and located at Natchitoches; the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana, whose name is hereby changed to the Louisiana Industrial Institute, established and located at Ruston, and the Southern University, now established in the city of New Orleans, for the education of persons of color, are hereby recognized; and the general assembly is directed to make such appropriations from time to time as may be necessary for the maintenance, support, and improvement of these institutions: Provided, That the appropriation for the maintenance and support of the Southern University shall not exceed $10,000 per annum.

ART. 257. The debt due by the State to the free-school fund is hereby declared to be the sum of $1,130,867.51 in principal, and shall be kept on the books of the auditor and treasurer to the credit of the several townships entitled to the same; the said principal being the proceeds of the sales of lands heretofore granted by the United States for the use and support of free public schools, which amount shall be held by the State as a loan, and shall be and remain a perpetual fund, on which the State shall pay an annual interest of 4 per cent, and that said interest shall be paid to the several townships in the State entitled to the same, in accordance with the act of Congress, No. 68, approved February 15, 1843.

ART. 258. The debt due by the State to the seminary fund is hereby declared to be $136,000, being the proceeds of the sale of lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a seminary of learning, and said amount shall be kept to the credit of said fund on the books of the auditor and treasurer of the State as a perpetual loan, and the State shall pay an annual interest of 4 per cent on said amount.

ART. 259. The debt due by the State to the agricultural and mechanical college fund is hereby declared to be the sum of $182,313.03, being the proceeds of the sale of lands and land scrip heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a college for the benefit of agricultural and mechanical arts; and said amount shall be kept to the credit of said fund on the books of the auditor and treasurer of the State as a perpetual loan, and the State shall pay an annual interest of 5 per cent on said amount.

ART. 260. The interest due on the free-school fund, the seminary fund, and the agricultural and mechanical college fund shall be paid out of any tax that may be levied and collected for the payment of the interest on the State debt. ART. 261. All pupils in the primary grades in the public schools throughout the parish of Orleans, unable to provide themselves with the requisite books, an affidavit to that effect having been made by one of the parents of such pupils, or if such parents be dead, then by the tutor or other person in charge of such pupils, shall be furnished with the necessary books, free of expense, to be paid for out of the school fund of said parish; and the school board of the parish of Orleans is hereby directed to appropriate annually not less than $2,000 for the purpose named, provided such amount be needed.

ART. 317.* ** The city of New Orleans shall have power and it shall be its duty to issue $200,000 of bonds, known as "School-teachers' salary bonds," for the purposes and under the provisions and conditions set forth in the special act of the legislature adopted to that end and for that purpose, at the regular session of 1906, which said act is hereby ratified and approved.

[Amendment.] The act adopted by the legislature at the regular session begun and held on May 11, 1908, regulating the care, treatment, and control of neglected and delinquent children, 17 years of age and under, and for the trial of adults charged with any violation of the laws for protecting the physical, moral, and mental well-being of children or with desertion or failure to support

wife or children; organizing the juvenile court in the parish of Orleans, providing a judge and officers therefor; providing for separate sessions, as juvenile courts, of the district court outside of said parish; defining the jurisdiction of said courts; and providing them with probation officers of either sex, for indeterminate sentences by said courts and for appeals therefrom, and making other provisions cognate thereto, is hereby ratified and approved, and all provisions of the present constitution in conflict with the provisions of said act and this amendmeit are to that exent and for that purpose only repealed.

Act No. 83, adopted June 30, 1908, as amended by the act adopted by the legislature at the regular session begun and held on May 9, 1910, regulating the care, treatment, and control of neglected and delinquent children, 17 years of age and under, and for the trial of adults charged with any violation of the laws for protecting the physical, moral, and mental well-being of children, or with desertion or failure to support wife or children; organizing the juvenile court in the parish of Orleans, providing a judge and officers therefor; providing for separate sessions, as juvenile courts, of the district courts outside of said parish; defining the jurisdiction of said courts; and providing them with probation officers of either sex for indeterminate sentences by said courts, and for appeals therefrom, and making other provisions cognate thereto, and suspending the same in so far as it affects all parishes outside of the parish of Orleans, except parishes which contain an incorporated town of more than 7,000 inhabitants, and providing therein formalities by which the effect and operation of the act No. 83 of 1908, as amended by the act of the legislature of 1910, herein referred to, may be extended to other parishes, and more fully declaring and defining the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts in regard to children and other persons who may be charged before said courts, providing said amendment, if adopted, shall go into effect on and after January 1, 1911, is hereby ratified and approved: And further provided, That all provisions of the present constitution in conflict with the provisions of said act as amended, and this amendment, are to that extent, and for that purpose only, repealed.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, two-thirds of all the members elected to each house concurring, That, subject to the ratification of the people of the State of Louisiana, by an amendment to the constitution of the State, hereinafter submitted to them, the board of directors of the public schools for the parish of Orleans, of the State of Louisiana, is hereby authorized and empowered to issue bonds not to exceed $2,000,000 in amount, to be dated January 1, 1915, bearing 5 per cent per annum interest, payable semiannually, the principal of which shall be payable in 40 annual installments of $50,000 each, payable on the 1st day of January in each of the years 1916 to and including 1955, respectively, as hereinafter set forth.

MAINE.

ART. 1, SEC. 3. * all religious societies in this State, whether incorporate or unincorporate, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting with them for their support and maintenance.

ART. VIII. A general diffusion of the advantages of education being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people; to promote this important object, the legislature are authorized, and it shall be their duty to require, the several towns to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public schools; and it shall further be their duty to encourage and suitably endow, from time to time, as the circumstances of the people may authorize, all academies, colleges, and seminaries of learning within the State: Provided, That no donation, grant, or endowment shall at any time be made by the legislature to any literary institution now established, or which may hereafter be established, unless, at the time of making such endowment, the legislature of the State shall have the right to grant any further powers to alter, limit, or restrain any of the powers vested in any such literary institution, as shall be judged necessary to promote the best interests thereof. ART. XXII. No city or town having less than 40,000 inhabitants, according to the last census taken by the United States, shall hereafter create any debt or liability, which single or in the aggregate, with previous debts or liabilities, 3966°-15-57

shall exceed 5 per centum of the last regular valuation of said city or town: Provided, however, That cities having a population of 40,000 or more, according to the last census taken by the United States, may create a debt or liability which single or in the aggregate, with previous debts or liabilities, shall equal 7 per cent of the last regular valuation of said city, that cities of 40.000 inhabitants, or over, may, by a majority vote of their city government, increase the present rate of 5 per centum of one-fourth of 1 per cent in any one municipal year, until, in not less than 10 years, the maximum rate of 7 per cent is reached, that any city failing to take the increase in any one municipal year then the increase for that year is lost and no increase can be made until the next year as provided above.

MARYLAND.

ART. VIII, SEC. 1. The general assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, shall, by law, establish throughout the State a thorough and efficient system of free public schools; and shall provide by taxation, or otherwise, for their maintenance.

SEC. 2. The system of public schools, as now constituted, shall remain in force until the end of the said first session of the general assembly, and shall then expire, except so far as adopted or continued by the general assembly.

SEC. 3. The school fund of the State shall be kept inviolate, and appropriated only to the purposes of education.

MASSACHUSETTS.

CHAP. V, SEC. 1. Whereas our wise and pious ancestors, so early as the year 1636, laid the foundation of Harvard College, in which university many persons of great eminence have, by the blessing of God, been initiated in those arts and sciences which qualified them for public employments, both in church and state; and whereas the encouragement of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor of God, the advantages of the Christian religion, and the great benefit of this and the other United States of America, it is declared, that the president and fellows of Harvard College, in their corporate capacity, and their successors in that capacity, their officers and servants, shall have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy, all the powers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and franchises, which they now have, or are entitled to have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy; and the same are hereby ratified and confirmed unto them, the said president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors, and to their officers and servants, respectively, forever.

And whereas there have been at sundry times, by divers persons, gifts, devises of houses, lands, tenements, goods, chattels, legacies, and conveyances, heretofore made, either to Harvard College in Cambridge, in New England, or to the president and fellows of Harvard College, or to the said college by some other description, under several charters, successively, it is declared, that all the said gifts, grants, devises, legacies, and conveyances, are hereby forever confirmed unto the president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors in the capacity aforesaid, according to the true intent and meaning of the donor or donors, grantor or grantors, devisor or devisors.

And whereas, by an act of the General Court of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, passed in the year 1642, the governor and deputy governor, for the time being, and all the magistrates of that jurisdiction, were, with the president, and a number of the clergy in the said act described, constituted the overseers of Harvard College; and it being necessary, in this new constitution of government to ascertain who shall be deemed successors to the said governor, deputy governor, and magistrates, it is declared, that the governor, lieutenant governor, council, and senate of this Commonwealth, are, and shall be deemed, their successors, who, with the president of Harvard College, for the time being, together with the ministers of the congregational churches in the towns of Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester, mentioned in the said act, shall be, and hereby are, vested with all the powers and authority belonging, or in any way appertaining to the overseers of Harvard College: Provided, That nothing herein shall be constructed to pre

vent the legislature of this Commonwealth from making such alterations in the government of the said university as shall be conducive to its advantage, and the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a manner as might have been done by the legislature of the late Province of the Massachusetts Bay.

SEC. 2. Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally among the body of the people, being necessary for the preservation of their rights and liberties; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts of the country, and among the different orders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools and grammar schools in the towns; to encourage private societies and public institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and frugality, honesty and punctuality in their dealings; sincerity, good humor, and all social affections, and generous sentiments, among the people.

ART. XVIII. All moneys raised by taxation in the towns and cities for the support of public schools, and all moneys which may be appropriated by the State for the support of common schools, shall be applied to, and expended in, no other schools than those which are conducted according to law, under the order and superintendence of the authorities of the town or city in which the money is to be expended; and such moneys shall never be appropriated to any religious sect for the maintenance, exclusively, of its own school.

MICHIGAN.

ART. II, SEC. 3. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or society, theological or religious seminary; nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such purpose. * * *

ART. III, SEC. 2. No elector shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his being employed in the service of the United States or of this State, * * * nor while a student at any institution of learning. ** * *

ART. IX, SEC. 8. Any officer elected by a county, city, village, township, or school district may be removed from office in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law.

ART. X, SEC. 1. All subjects of taxation now contributing to the primary-school interest fund under present laws shall continue to contribute to that fund, and all taxes from such subjects shall be first applied in paying the interest upon the primary school, university, and other educational funds in the order herein named, after which the surplus of such moneys shall be added to and become a part of the primary-school interest fund.

SEC. C. * The legislature shall provide by law a uniform rule of taxation for such property as shall be assessed by a State board of assessors, and the rate of taxation on such property shall be the rate which the State board of assessors shall ascertain and determine is the average rate levied upon other property upon which ad valorem taxes are assessed for State, county, township, school, and municipal purposes.

ART. XI, SEC. 1. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.

SEC. 2. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at the regular election to be held on the first Monday in April, 1909, and every second year thereafter. He shall hold office for a period of two years from the first day of July following his election and until his successor is elected and qualified. He shall have general supervision of public instruction in the State. He shall be a member and secretary of the State board of education. He shall be ex officio a member of all other boards having control of public instruction in any State institution, with the right to speak but not to vote. His duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 3. There shall be a board of regents of the university, consisting of eight members, who shall hold the office for eight years. There shall be elected at

each regular biennial spring election two members of such board. When a vacancy shall occur in the office of regent it shall be filled by appointment of the governor.

SEC. 4. The regents of the university and their successors in office shall continue to constitute the body corporate known as The Regents of the University of Michigan.

SEC. 5. The regents of the university shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the university. The president of the university and the superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio members of the board of regents, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. The president shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the university. The board of regents shall have the general supervision of the university and the direction and control of all expenditures from the university funds. SEC. 6. The State board of education shall consist of four members. On the first Monday in April, 1909, and at each succeeding biennial spring election. there shall be elected one member of such board, who shall hold his office for six years from the first day of July following his election. The State board of education shall have general supervision of the State normal college and the State normal schools, and the duties of said board shall be prescribed by law. SEC. 7. There shall be elected on the first Monday in April, 1909, a State board of agriculture, to consist of six members, two of whom shall hold the office for two years, two for four years, and two for six years. At every regular biennial spring election thereafter there shall be elected two members, whose term of office shall be six years. The members thus elected and their successors in office shall be a body corporate to be known as the State Board of Agriculture. SEC. 8. The State Board of Agriculture shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the agricultural college, who shall be ex officio a member of the board, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the college. The board shall have the general supervision of the college, and the direction and control of all agricultural college funds, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 9. The legislature shall continue a system of primary schools, whereby every school district in the State shall provide for the education of its pupils without charge for tuition; and all instruction in such schools shall be conducted in the English language. If any school district shall neglect to maintain a school within its borders as prescribed by law for at least five months in each year, or to provide for the education of its pupils in another district or districts for an equal period, it shall be deprived for the ensuing year of its proportion of the primary-school interest fund. If any school district shall, on the second Monday in July of any year, have on hand a sufficient amount of money in the primary-school interest fund to pay its teachers for the next ensuing two years as determined from the pay roll of said district for the last school year, and in case of a primary district, all tuition for the next ensuing two years, based upon the then enrollment in the seventh and eighth grades in said school district, the children in said district shall not be counted in making the next apportionment of primary-school money by the superintendent of public instruction; nor shall such children be counted in making such apportionment until the amount of money in the primary-school interest fund in said district shall be insufficient to pay teachers' wages or tuition as herein set forth for the next ensuing two years.

SEC. 10. The legislature shall maintain the university, the college of mines, the State agricultural college, the State normal college and such State normal schools and other educational institutions as may be established by law.

SEC. 11. The proceeds from the sales of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to the State for educational purposes and the proceeds of all lands or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the specific objects of the original gift, grant, or appropriation.

SEC. 12. All lands, the titles to which shall fail from a, defect of heirs, shall escheat to the State, and the interest on the clear proceeds from the sales thereof shall be appropriated exclusively to the support of the primary schools. SEC. 13. The legislature shall appropriate all salt-spring lands now unappropriated, or the money arising from the sale of the same, where such lands have