least four months of that school year before any part of the fund assessed and collected may be devoted to the establishment of schools of higher grade. The boards of supervisors of the several counties, and the councils of the several cities, and towns if the same be separate school districts, shall provide for the levy and collection of such local school taxes.

SEC. 137. The general assembly may establish agricultural, normal, manualtraining, and technical schools, and such grades of schools as shall be for the public good.

SEC. 138. The general assembly may, in its discretion, provide for the compulsory education of children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, except such as are weak in body or mind, or can read and write, or are attending private schools, or are excused for cause by the district school trustees.

SEC. 139. Provision shall be made to supply children attending the public schools with necessary textbooks in cases where the parent or guardian is unable, by reason of poverty, to furnish them.

SEC. 140. White and colored children shall not be taught in the same school. SEC. 141. No appropriation of public funds shall be made to any school or institution of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the State or some political subdivision thereof: Provided, First, that the general assembly may, in its discretion, continue the appropriations to the College of William and Mary; second, that this section shall not be construed as requiring or prohibiting the continuance or discontinuance by the general assembly of the payment of interest on certain bonds held by certain schools and colleges as provided by an act of the general assembly approved February 23, 1892, relating to bonds held by schools and colleges; third, that counties, cities, towns, and districts may make appropriations to nonsectrian schools of manual, industrial, or technical training, and also to any school or institution of learning owned or exclusively controlled by such county, city, town, or school district.

SEC. 142. Members of the boards of visitors or trustees of educational institutions shall be appointed as may be provided by law and shall hold for the term of four years: Provided, That at the first appointment, if the board be of an even number, one-half of them, or, if of an odd number, the least majority of them, shall be appointed for two years.

ART. X, SEC. 146. The president of the board of agriculture and immigration shall be ex officio a member of the board of visitors of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

ART XIII, SEC. 173. The general assembly shall levy a State capitation tax of, and not exceeding, $1.50 per annum on every male resident of the State not less than 21 years of age, except those pensioned by this State for military services, $1 of which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public free school. * * * The general assembly may authorize the board of supervisors of any county or the council of any city or town to levy an additional capitation tax not exceeding $1 per annum on every such resident within its limits, which shall be applied in aid of the public schools of such county, city, or town, or for such other county, city, or town purposes as they shall determine.

WASHINGTON.

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ART. I, SEC. 33. Every elective public officer in the State of Washington except judges of courts of record is subject to recall and discharge by the legal voters of the State or of the political subdivision of the State from which he was 'elected whenever a petition demanding his recall, reciting that such officer has committed some act or acts of malfeasance or misfeasance while in office, or who has violated his oath of office, stating the matters complained of, signed by the percentages of the qualified electors thereof, hereinafter provided. SEC. 34. * The percentages required shall be, State officers, other than judges, senators, and representatives, city officers of cities of the first class, school district boards in cities of the first class, county officers of counties of the first, second, and third classes, 25 per cent. Officers of all other political subdivisions, cities, towns, townships, precincts, and school districts not herein mentioned, and State senators and representatives, 35 per cent.

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ART. II, SEC. 28. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special law in the following cases: For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. * * Providing for the management of common schools. *

ART. III, SEC 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, superintendent of public instruction, and a commissioner of public lands, who shall be severally chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the same time and place of voting as for the members of the legislature.

SEC. 3. The ** ** superintendent of public instruction and commissioner of public lands shall hold their offices for four years, respectively, and until their successors are elected and qualified.

SEC. 4. The returns of every election for the offices named in the first section of this article shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning officers, directed to the secretary of state, who shall deliver the same to the speaker of the house of representatives at the first meeting of the house thereafter, who shall open, publish, and declare the result thereof in the presence of a majority of the members of both houses. The person having the highest number of votes shall be declared duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given to such person, signed by the presiding officers of both houses; but if any two or more shall be highest and equal in votes for the same office, one of them shall be chosen by the joint vote of both houses. Contested elections for such officers shall be decided by the legislature in such manner as shall be decided by law. The terms of all officers named in section 1 of this article shall commence on the second Monday in January after their election until otherwise provided by law.

SEC. 22. The superintendent of public instruction shall have supervision over all matters pertaining to public schools, and shall perform such specific duties as may be prescribed by law. He shall receive an annual salary of $2,500, which may be increased by law, but shall never exceed $4,000 per annum.

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SEC. 24. The * ** * superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of public lands, and attorney general shall severally keep the public records, books,. and papers relating to their respective offices at the seat of government. ART. VI, SEC. 4. For the purpose of voting and eligibility to office no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his presence, or lost it by reason of his absence, while a student at any institution of

learning.

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*

school districts *

ART. VII, SEC. 2. * The property of * shall be exempt from taxation. ART. VIII, SEC. 6. No county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation shall for any purpose become indebted in any manner to an amount exceeding 1 per cent of the taxable property in such county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation without the assent of threefifths of the voters therein at an election to be held for that purpose, nor in cases requiring such assent shall the total indebtedness at any time exceed 5 per cent on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county purposes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. *

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ART. IX, SEC. 1. It is the paramount duty of the State to make ample provision for the education of all children residing within its borders without distinction or preference on account of race, color, caste, or sex.

SEC. 2. The legislature shall provide for a general and uniform system of public schools. The public-school system shall include common schools and such high schools, normal schools, and technical schools as may hereafter be established. But the entire revenue derived from the common-school fund and the State tax for common schools shall be exclusively applied to the support of the common schools.

SEC. 3. The principal of the common-school fund shall remain permanent and irreducible. The said fund shall be derived from the following-named sources, to wit: Appropriations and donations by the State to this fund; donations and bequests by individuals to the State or public for common schools; the proceeds of lands and other property which revert to the State by escheat and forfeiture: the proceeds of all property granted to the State when the purpose of the grant is not specified or is uncertain; funds accumulated in the treasury of the State for the disbursement of which provision has not been made by law; the proceeds of the sale of timber, stone, minerals, or other property from school and State lands, other than those granted for specific purposes; all moneys received from persons appropriating timber, stone, minerals, or other property from school and State lands other than those granted for specific purposes, and all moneys other than rental recovered from persons trespassing on said lands: 5 per cent of the proceeds of the sale of public lands lying within the State. which shall be sold by the United States subsequent to the admission of the

State into the Union as approved by section 13 of the act of Congress enabling the admission of the State into the Union; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands and other property which have been, and hereafter may be, granted to the State for the support of common schools. The legislature may make further provisions for enlarging said fund. The interest accruing on said fund, together with all rentals and other revenues derived therefrom, and from lands and other property devoted to the common-school fund, shall be exclusively applied to the current use of the common schools.

SEC. 4. All schools maintained or supported wholly or in part by the public funds shall be forever free from sectarian control or influence.

SEC. 5. All losses to the permanent common school or any other State educational fund, which shall be occasioned by defalcation, mismanagement, or fraud of the agents or officers controlling or managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the State in favor of the particular fund sustaining such loss, upon which not less than 6 per cent annual interest shall be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness authorized and limited elsewhere in this constitution.

ART. XIII, SEC. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions; those for the benefit of blind, deaf, dumb, or otherwise defective youth, for the insane or idiotic, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. The regents, trustees, or commissioners of all such institutions existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, and of such as shall thereafter be established by law, shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. ** * *

ART. XVI, SEC. 2. None of the lands granted to the State for educational purposes shall be sold otherwise than at public auction to the highest bidder. The value thereof, less the improvements, shall, before any sale, be appraised by a board of appraisers, to be provided by the law, the terms of payment also to be prescribed by law, and no sale shall be valid unless the sum bid be equal to the appraised value of said land. In estimating the value of such lands for disposal, the value of the improvements thereon shall be excluded: Provided, That the sale of all school and university land heretofore made by the commissioners of any county or the university commissioners, when the purchase price has been paid in good faith, may be confirmed by the legislature.

SEC. 3. No more than one-fourth of the land granted to the State for educational purposes shall be sold prior to January 1, 1895, and not more than onehalf prior to January 1, 1905: Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed as to prevent the State from selling the timber or stone off of any of the State lands in such manner and on such terms as may be prescribed by law: And provided further, That no sale of timber lands shall be valid unless the full value of such lands is paid or secured to the State.

SEC. 4. No more than 160 acres of any granted lands of the State shall be offered for sale in one parcel, and all lands within the limits of any incorporated city, or within 2 miles of the boundary of any incorporated city, where the valuation of such lands shall be found by appraisment to exceed $100 per acre, shall, before the same be sold, be platted into lots and blocks of not more than 5 acres in a block, and not more than one block shall be offered for sale in one parcel.

SEC. 5. None of the permanent school fund of this State shall ever be loaned to private persons or corporations, but it may be invested in national, State, county, municipal, or school-district bonds.

WEST VIRGINIA.

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ART. VII, SEC. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, secretary of state, State superintendent of free schools, auditor, treasurer, and attorney general. Their terms of office, respectively, shall be four years, and shall commence on the 4th day of March next after their election.

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SEC. 2. An election for governor, secretary of state, State superintendent of free schools, auditor, treasurer, and attorney general, shall be held at such times and places as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 17. If the office of secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, State superintendent of free schools, or attorney general, shall become vacant by death,

resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

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ART. X, SEC. 1. * * Property used for educational, literary, scientific, religious, or charitable purposes; all cemeteries and public property may, by law, be exempted from taxation.

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SEC. 2. The legislature shall levy an annual capitation tax of $1 upon each male inhabitant of the State who has attained the age of 21 years, which shall be annually appropriated to the support of free schools. Persons afflicted with bodily infirmity may be exempted from this tax.

SEC. 5. The power of taxation of the legislature shall extend to provisions for the payment of the State debt and interest thereon, the support of free schools, and the payment of the annual estimated expenses of the State.

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SEC. 7. County authorities shall never assess taxes, in any one year, the aggregate of which shall exceed 95 cents per $100 valuation, except for the support of free schools, payment of indebtedness existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, and for the payment of any indebtedness with the interest thereon, created under the succeeding section, unless such assessment, with all questions involving the increase of such aggregate shall have been submitted to the vote of the people of the county, and have received three-fifths of all the votes cast for and against it.

SEC. 8. No county, city, school district, or municipal corporation, except in cases where such corporations have. already authorized their bonds to be issued, shall hereafter be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate, exceeding 5 per centum on the value of the taxable property therein to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness; nor without at the same time providing for the collection of a direct annual tax sufficient to pay annually the interest on such debt and the principal thereof within and not exceeding 34 years: Provided, That no debt shall be contracted under this section unless all questions connected with the same shall have been first submitted to a vote of the people, and have received three-fifths of all the votes cast for and against the same.

ART. XII, SEC. 1. The legislature shall provide by general law for a thorough and efficient system of free schools.

SEC. 2. The State superintendent of free schools shall have a general supervision of free schools, and perform such other duties in relation thereto as may be prescribed by law. If in the performance of any such duty imposed upon him by the legislature he shall incur any expenses, he shall be reimbursed therefor: Provided, The amount does not exceed $500 in any one year.

SEC. 3. The legislature may provide for county superintendents and such other officers as may be necessary to carry out the objects of this article and define their duties, powers, and compensation.

SEC. 4. The existing permanent and invested school fund, and all money accruing to this State from forfeited, delinquent, waste, and unappropriated lands; and from lands heretofore sold for taxes and purchased by the State of Virginia, if hereafter redeemed or sold to others than this State; all grants, devises, or bequests that may be made to this State for the purposes of education, or where the purposes of such grants, devices, or bequests are not specified; this State's just share of the literary fund of Virginia, whether paid over or otherwise liquidated; and any sums of money, stocks, or property which this State shall have the right to claim from the State of Virginia for educational purposes; the proceeds of the estates of persons who may die without leaving a will or heir, and of all escheated lands; the proceeds of any taxes that may be levied on the revenues of any corporation; all moneys that may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty; and such sums as may from time to time be appropriated by the legislature for the purpose, shall be set apart as a separate fund to be called the "school fund," and invested under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, in the interest-bearing securities of the United States, or of this State, or if such interest-bearing securities can not be obtained, then said "school fund" shall be invested in such other solvent, interest-bearing securities as shall be approved by the governor, superintendent of free schools, auditor, and treasurer, who are hereby constituted the board of the school fund, to manage the same under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and the interest thereof shall be annually applied to the support of free schools throughout the State, and to no other purpose whatever. But any portion of said interest remaining unexpended at the close of a fiscal

year shall be added to and remain a part of the capital of the “school fund": Provided, That all taxes which shall be received by the State upon delinquent lands, except the taxes due to the State thereon, shall be refunded to the county or district by or for which the same were levied.

(The accumulation of the school fund provided for in section 4 of article 12, of the constitution of this State, shall cease upon the adoption of this amendment, and all money to the credit of said fund over $1,000,000, together with the interest on said fund, shall be used for the support of the free schools of this State. All money and taxes heretofore payable into the treasury under the provision of the said section 4, to the credit of the school fund shall be hereafter paid into the treasury to the credit of the general school fund for the support of the free schools of the State.)

SEC. 5. The legislature shall provide for the support of free schools by appropriating thereto the interest of the invested "school fund," the net proceeds of all forfeitures and fines accruing to this State under the laws thereof; the State capitation tax, and by general taxation of persons and property or otherwise. It shall also provide for raising in each county or district, by the authority of the people thereof, such a proportion of the amount required for the support of free schools therein as shall be prescribed by general laws.

SEC. 6. The school districts into which any county is now divided shall continue until changed in pursuance of law.

SEC. 7. All levies that may be laid by any county or district for the purpose of free schools shall be reported to the clerk of the county court; and shall, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, be collected by the sheriff or other collector, who shall make annual settlement with the county court; which settlement shall be made a matter of record by the clerk thereof, in a book to be kept for that purpose.

SEC. 8. White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school. SEC. 9. No person connected with the free school system of the State, or with any educational institution of any name or grade under State control, shall be interested in the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book or other thing used, or to be used therein, under such penalties as may be prescribed by law: Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed to apply to any work written, or thing invented, by such person.

SEC. 10. No independent free-school district or organization shall hereafter be created, except with the consent of the school district or districts out of which the same is to be created, expressed by a majority of the voters voting on the question.

SEC. 11. No appropriation shall hereafter be made to any State normal school, or branch thereof, except to those already established and in operation, or now chartered.

SEC. 12. The legislature shall foster and encourage moral, intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement; it shall, whenever it may be practicable, make suitable provision for the blind, mute, and insane, and for the organization of such institutions of learning as the best interests of general education in the State may demand.

WISCONSIN.

ART. IV, SEC. 31. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases: *** Eighth. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. *

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ART. X, SEC. 1 [Amendment]. The supervision of public instruction shall be rested in a State superintendent and such other officers as the legislature shall direct; and their qualifications, powers, duties, and compensation shall be prescribed by law. The State superintendent shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the same time and in the same manner as members of the supreme court, and shall hold his office for four years from the succeeding first Monday in July. *

**

SEC. 2. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State for educational purposes (except the lands heretofore granted for the purposes of a university) and all moneys, and the clear proceeds of all property that may accrue to the State by forfeiture or escheat, and all moneys which may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty; and the clear proceeds of all fines collected, in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, and all moneys arising from any grant to