Vacancies. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Officers. Power of impeach ment. Senate. Classification of senators. 5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION 3. 1. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth Vacancies. year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. Qualifications. President of the senate. Officers and presi dent pro tem. Trial of im peachments. Judgment on impeachment. Election of senators and repre 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. SECTION 4. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; sentatives. but the congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. Annual meeting of congress. Powers of 2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day. SECTION 5. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifieach house. cations of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may pro vide.' 180 N. Y., 117. make rules 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its Power to members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- and expel thirds, expel a member.' members. 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time Journals. to time, publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either Yeas and house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. nays. ments. 4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the Adjourn. consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION 6. members of 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for Compensatheir services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of tonto the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and congress. breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at Privileges. the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place." from cer 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was Exclusion elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the tain offices. United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION 7. bills. 1. All bills, for raising revenue, shall originate in the house of repre- Revenue sentatives; but the senate may propose, or concur with, amendments as on other bills. passing by presi eration. 2. Every bill, which shall have passed the house of representatives and Manner of the senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the president of Bis the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall Approval return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- dent. nated, who shall enter the objections, at large, on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that Reconsidhouse shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not His omis be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it turn it. shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. sion to re rent &c. 3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the Concur senate and house of representatives may be necessary (except on a ques-orders, retion of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United solutions, States; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.' 11 Dal., 296; 6 Wh., 204; 1 Am. L. J., 139; 459. 2 3 Dal., 478; 4 Dal., 107. 6 Op., 680. (This abbreviation stands for Opinions of the attorney-general.) General powers of congress. SECTION 8. The congress shall have power: 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; to pay the Taxation. debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. Loans. Naturalization. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States.' 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes." 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization; and uniform laws Bankrupt. on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.' cies. Coin. Weights and meas ures. Counterfeiting. Post-offices and roads. 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin; and fix the standard of weights and measures. 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States." 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads." 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for Patent and limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.' copy rights. Courts. Piracies, &c. War. Army. Navy. Articles of war. Militia. Organizing militia. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court." 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.' 11. To declare war; grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water." 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 13. To provide and maintain a navy." 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States; reserving to the states, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by congress." Exclusive 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such legislation. district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state, in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards and other needful buildings; and" 15 Wh., 317; 9 Wh, 199. 22 Pet., 449. 39 Wh., 112; Wh., 419; 2 Pet., 250; 11 Pet., 102; 12 Pet., 72; 5 How., 504; 7 How., 288; 8 How., 73, 490; 12 How., 299; 14 How., 568; 18 How., 71, 421; 4 Wash., 378; 1 McL., 254; 5 McL., 426; 6 McL., 70, 209, 237, 518; 1 Op., 659; 2 Op., 426; 9 J. R., 507; Hop., 149; 3 Cow., 713; 6 Cow., 169; 7 Cow., 319; 1 H., 469; 4 D., 469; 1 Wend., 193; 15 Wend, 113; 19 Wend., 547; 26 Barb., 270; 1 Robt., 201; 3 Abb. Ct. App. Dec., 541; 50 N. Y., 131, 55,; 5 Abb. N. C., 383; 76 N. Y., 475; 23 Hun, 594; 29 Hun, 461. 42 Dal., 372; 3 Wash, 314; 2 Wh, 259; 4 Wh., 122, 209; 6 Wh., 131; 12 Wh., 213, 370; 6 Pet., 348; 635; 9 Pet., 329; 14 Pet., 67; 5 How., 295, 585; 7 How., 556; 6 Cow., 497; 3 B., 429; 4 N. Y., 282. 62 Lou. R., 90; 5 How., 410; 9 How., 560; 49 Barb., 521. 18 How., 421; 3 McL., 393. 76 Pet., 218; 8 Pet., 591; 1 How., 202; 6 How., 486; 15 How., 212; 3 Sum., 535; 1 Blatch., 258; 5 McL., 158; 3 B. Ch., 320; 8 W., 562; 3 N. Y., 9; 39 Hun, 198. 146 Lans., 44; 5 Wh., 317; 6 Wh., 264; 6 Op., 577; 7 Op., 628; 17 Johns. R., 225. out vested 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying Laws for into execution the foregoing powers; and all other powers vested by this carrying constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- powers. ment or officer thereof.' SECTION 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states slave now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the trade. congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.* Habeas corpus. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Attainder 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed." 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken." and ex post facto law. Direct taxes. ports. entries. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. State exNo preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vesssels bound Port to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another." 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of Receipts and exappropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the Benditu penditures. receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. prohibited. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no Titles and person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the presents consent of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION 10. forbidden 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant Powers letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make to the anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any states in bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility." 14 Wh., 316. 25 Wh., 338; 9 Wh., 381, 391; 10 Wh., 67; 12 Wh., 460; 1 Wash., 95, 499, 522; 2 Sum., 240; 3 Pet., 65; 11 Pet., 73; 14 Pet., 464; 14 Pet., 518. 93 Dal., 390; 6 Cr., 138; 8 Pet., 110; 17 How., 463; 2 Gall., 138; 2 Wash., 366; Pet., C. C., 323; 58 Barb., 155; 60 Barb., 397; 49 N. Y., 510. 3 Dal., 171; 5 Wh., 320. 12 How., 313; 18 How., 421. (Impairing the obligation of contracts.) U. S. COURTS.-6 Cr., 87, 136; 7 Cr., 174; 9 Cr., 43; 4 Wh., 122, 518; 5 Wh., 420; 6 Wh., 131; 8 Wh., 1; 12 Wh., 213, 370; 2 Pet., 412; 3 Pet., 289; 4 Pet., 410, 514; 5 Pet., 457; 6 Pet., 348; 8 Pet., 40, 110; 9 Pet., 329; 11 Pet., 2571 How., 315; 2 How., 608; 3 How., 133, 534; 6 How., 301, 507; 7 How., 279; 8 How., 163; 40 How., 190, 376, 395, 402, 511; 11 How, 185; 13 How., 12. 14 How., 80; 15 How, 304; 16 How., 106, 369, 416; 17 How., 284. 456; 18 How., 331, 380, 384; 20 How., 22, 527;2 Pa., 74;1 Sum., 276; Pet. C. C., 322; 2 Gall., 141; 1 McL., 528; 3 McL., 397; 6 McL., 386; 4 Wall., 143, 409, 535; 3 Wall., 52, 210; 2 Wall., 10, 217; 1 Wall., 116; 15 Wall., 478; 4 Otto, 415. NEW YORK.-3 J. Ca., 75; 7 J. C. R., 297; 7 J. R, 477; 16 J. R., 233; 17 J. R., 108, 195; 19 J. R., 153;5 Cow., 538; 7 Cow., 349, 585; 8 Cow., 146, 543; 9 Cow., 344; 4 W., 9; 15 W., 436; 20 W 365; 22 W., 543; 26 W., 192; 1 H., 324 ; 2 H., 491; 6 IÍ., 33 ; 1 D., 128 ; 3 D., 274, 594;1 Pai., 102; 3 Pai., 45; 11 Pai., 93, 484; 3B, 621; 4 B., 9, 29); 5 B., 474; 6 B., 327; 8 B., 358, 502; 9B., 302, 482; 10 B, 223; 13 B., 63; 14 B., 405, 559; 15 B., 318, 627; 16 B, 188; 17 B., 119, 660; 18 B., 159; 23 B., 33;24 B., 87, 129; 25 B., 457; 27 B, 445; 1 N. Y., 129; 2 N. Y., 245; 4 N. Y., 276;5 N. Y., 285; 7 N. Y., 500; 11 N. Y., 281, 303; 12 N. Y, 202; 13 N. Y., 299; 14 N. Y., 22; 18 N. Y. 190; 19 N. Y., 68, 116; 21 How. P. R., 137; 1 Lans., 274; 64 N. Y., 107; 70 N. Y., 569; 71 N. Y., 513; 51 How. Pr. R., 280; 10 J. & S., 325; 63 N. Y., 202; 66 N. Y., 129; 53 How. Pr. R., 352; 16 Hun, 285; 46 Barb., 340; 9 Hun, 622; 16 Abb. N. S., 128; 4 T. & Ć., 365; 2 Hun, 556; 67 N. Y., 109; 10 J. &. S., 325; 24 Hun, 519; 40 Hun, 31; 41 Hun, 410; 42 Hun, 628; 89 N. Y., 36; 90 N. Y., 48; 107 N. Y., 593; 45 Hun, 519; 43 Hun, 614. MAINE.-2 Shep., 344; 6 Shep., 109; 25 Mai., 18; 26 Mai., 191; 34 Mai., 411; 36 Mai., 9; 40 Mai., 386; 44 Mai., 140. NEW HAMPSHIRE.-4 Fost., 139; 11 N. H., 19; 35 N. H., 457. VERMONT.-11 Verm., 632; 13 Verm., 402, 525; 19 Verm., 86; 25 Verm., 303. MASSACHUSETTS.-1 Mass., 198; 3 Mass., 88; 5 Mass., 509; 8 Mass., 430; 10 Mass., 337; 13 Mass., 16; 6 Pick., 451; 8 Pick., 194; 12 Pick., 572; 15 Pick., 417; 19 Pick., 48; 2 Gray, 1,339; 4 Gray, 474. CONNECTICUT.-3 Conn., 253, 304, 472, 523; 5 Conn., 1; 6 Conn., 480; 9 Conn., 314; 13 Conn., 87; 21 Conn., 351. dividually. State powers, with con. gress. 2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts, or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary sent of con- for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.' President. ARTICLE II. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, Vice-presi and together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 2 dent. Mode of election. 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector. NEW JERSEY.-1 Sou., 192; 2 Sou., 466; 4 Za., 385. PENNSYLVANIA.-6 S. & R., 322; 1 Raw., 181; 2 Wha., 395; 2 W. & S., 156; 5 W. & S., 171, 418; 2 Penn., 22, 184; 4 Penn., 49; 5 Penn., 145; 6 Penn., 86, 196, 379:9 Penn., 401; 11 Penn., 489; 13 Penn., 133, 400; 15 Penn., 44; 24 Penn., 229; 28 Penn., 199; 33 Penn., 94. DELAWARE-4 Harr., 389, 440; 5 Harr., 454. MARYLAND.-4 G. & J., 1, 509 ; 7 G. & J., 7 ; 9 G. & J., 365; 10 G. & J., 392 ; 3 Gil., 445; 9 Gil., 299; 1 Md., 351. VIRGINIA-4 Gilm., 221; 9 Grat., 738. OHIO.-1 Ham., 236; 1 Oh., 591, 622; 2 Oh., 152; 5 Oh., 444; 7 Oh., 431 ; 16 Oh., 12, 599. KENTUCKY.-1 Lit., 326; 4 Lit., 34, 53; 1 Mon., 24; 5 Mon., 98, 102, 129; 7 Mon., 11, 544, 588; INDIANA.-1 Blackf., 220; 6 Blackf., 373; 7 Ind., 59, 157, 470 ; 9 Ind., 37, 359; 11 Ind., 48, 543. WISCONSIN.-1 Wis., 26; 4 Wis., 414. IOWA.-1 Mor., 27, 59, 70; 1 Io., 553; 2 Io., 94; 3 Io., 489. SOUTH CAROLINA.-2 Rich., 43; 3 R., 389; 10 R., 604. GEORGIA.-Cha., 175, 321; 2 Geo., 143; 4 Geo., 205; 7 Geo., 163; 9 Geo. 213; 10 Geo., 190; 12 Geo., 457; 13 Geo., 1, 306; 15 Geo., 496; 16 Geo., 102; 18 Geo., 170; 22 Geo., 506 ; 23 Geo., 51; 24 Geo., 356. ALABAMA -2 St., 30; 7 Port., 293; 1 Al., 312; 2 A1, 401; 9 Al., 713; 11 Al., 472 ; 12 AI., 369 ; 15 Al., 521; 23 Al., 168;29 Al., 573; 30 AL., 120; 31 A1. 552; 32 Al., 332; 713. MISSISSIPPI-4 How. M., 647; 3 S. & M., 661; 4 S. & M., 439; 6 S. & M., 599 ; 8 S. & M., 9 ; 9 S. & M., 310; 10 S. & M.,351; 12 S. & M., 347; 13 S. & M., 645. MISSOURI-9 Mi., 389, 507; 13 Mi., 112 ; 23 Mi., 107 ; 24 Mi., 85, 377, 386; 25 Mi., 535; 26 Mi., 47, 441; 27 Mi., 517; 31 Mi., 679. LOUISIANA-12 La., 364, 432, 515; 13 La., 502. FLORIDA.-4 Fl., 23; 5 Fl., 345. TEXAS.-1 Tex., 250, 598; 5 Tex., 349; 6 Tex., 347; 7 Tex., 348; 11 Tex., 698; 14 Tex., 52, 235. CALIFORNIA.-1 Cal., 55'; 2 Cal., 361, 524; 4 Cal., 127; 5 Cal., 188; 7 Cal., 1, 479, 579, 8 Cal., 52; 9 Cal., 81. ÁRKANSAS.-2 Eng., 150; 3 Eng., 236; 4 Eng., 205; 17 Ark., 518; 19 Ark., 360. (Bills of credit), 43 Hun, 317. (Ex post facto laws.) 39 N. Y., 420; 3 Dal., 386; 12 Wh., 877; 2 Pet., 380, 414, 492, 627, 681; 8 Pet., 88, 110; 11 Pet., 420; 3 How., 707; 1 Bald., 74; 2 Gall., 105, 139; 1 McL., 35; 2McL., 195; 2 Pa., 74, 501; 7 J. R., 477; 18 J. R., 138; 3 Cow., 347; 8 Cow., 543; 9 Cow., 664; 7 B., 249; 15 N. Y., 451; 22 N. Y., 95; 49 N. Y., 510; 2 Greenl., 28, 66, 275; 2 Fairf., 284; 6 Shep., 109; 10 Shep., 318, 553; 42 Mai., 429; 2 N. H., 102; 3 N. H., 473, 524; 4 N. H., 16, 572; 10 N. H., 880. 2 Verm., 174, 517; 3 Verm., 360; 4 Verm., 269; 13 Verm., 582; 1 Chip., 237; 1 Aik., 121; 4 Conn., 210; 6 Conn., 54, 190; 7 Conn., 350, 550, 558; 2 Root, 350; 4 Mass., 390; 8 Mass., 472; 9 Mass., 373; 11 Mass., 396; 16 Mass., 16, 36, 59, 76, 215; 2 Pick., 165, 172; 5 Pick., 65; 6 Pick., 501; 11 Pick., 28; 1 Gray, 152; 5 Rh. Is.. 185, 497; 5 Binn., 355; 6 Binn., 271; 7 S. & R., 260; 10 S. & R., 97; 11 S. & R., 191; 12 S. & R., 330; 14 S. & R., 435; 15 S. & R., 72; 16 S. &. R, 35, 169; 3 Wa., 294; 6 Wa., 449; 4 W. & S., 218, 401; 8 W. & S., 49; 23 Penn., 507; 31 Penn., 285; 1 Yer., 360; 2 Yer., 125, 260, 554, 599; 4 Yer, 202; 5 Yer., 320; 6 Yer., 119; 2 Swan., 35; Harp., 88; 5 Mon., 122, 133; 1 J. J. M., 563; Bibb, 62; 16 B. Mon., 15; 1 Blackf., 196, 220; 2 Blackf., 8; 7 Blackf., 474; 7 Ind., 316; 2 Ham., 65; 3 Ham., 553; 5 Oh., 225; 12 Oh., 364; 15 Oh., 408; 5 Hayw., 263; 3 Ran., 188; 3 Grat., 632; 1 Const. R., 90; 3 Hill S. C., 96; 1 McM., 410; Walk., 258; 5 How., 285; 9 G. & J., 181; 12 Md., 195; 17 Geo., 568; 4 Tex., 470; 14 Tex., 402; 2 Dutch., 13; 3 Dutch., 185; 1 Jon.,9; 30 Al., 120; 4 Cal., 127; 13 La., 268; 17 Ark., 407; 96 N. Y., 38. 114 Pet., 572; 1 McL., 185; 3 Op., 661; 3 Ab. Ct. Ap. Dec., 541; 4 T. & C., 365; 4 Otto, 415; 67 N. Y., 109; 70 N. Y., 327; 3 Abb. N. C., 467; 10 Daly, 258; 11 Dalv, 138. 26 Op., 603. |