397. ut reduces, etc. having called attention to the swans, Venus now proceeds to interpret the significance of their movements, com paring their recent danger and deliverance with that of Aeneas's missing vessels. Translate: just as they (the swans), returning, sport, etc. 398. et coetu cinxere, etc.: although placed after ludunt, the two verbs of this line indicate actions which really precede the action of ludunt. Hence logically: after circling the heaven in company and uttering their cries. The reference is to the panic flight of the swans, when escaping the eagle.

399. haud aliter: Litotes.

pubes tuorum: the manly band of thy companions; pubes, ordinarily youth,' here means 'youthful company,' 'company of men.'

400. portum tenet aut subit ostia: i.e. just as some of the swans have already alighted and others are preparing to alight, so some of Aeneas's ships are already in harbor, others are approaching the entrance under full sail; tenet agrees in number with the nearer subject.

402-417. The goddess reveals herself.

402. avertens: intransitive, as in line 104.

403. ambrosiae: ambrosial. The word literally means 'immortal,' but is loosely used by the poets in the sense of 'divine,' 'lovely,' etc. vertice: from her head.

404. pedes ad imos: to her very feet. With the exception of the huntress Diana, the Roman goddesses are regularly represented with flowing robes falling to the feet.

405. vera incessu patuit dea: in her walk was revealed the true goddess (C.). Note the Hiatus (neglect of elision) in dea. Ille. This is justified by the pause in the sense after dea.

407. totiens: rhetorical exaggeration. Only a single other occasion like this is mentioned in the Aeneid. tu quoque: i.e. thou, as well

as Juno and the other divinities.

409. veras as opposed to the mockery of falsis imaginibus.

410. moenia: viz. of Carthage.

411. obscuro aëre: i. e. with a mist.

gradientis: as they walked;

accusative plural agreeing with eos understood, referring to Aeneas and Achates.

412. circum fudit by Tmesis (literally, cutting,') for circumfudit, B. 367, 7; A. 640; G. 720. dea by her divine power; dea is in apposition with the subject of circumfudit; literally, she, a goddess.

415. Paphum on the island of Cyprus; an important centre of Venus's worship. sublimis: with adverbial force, through the

air.

416. laeta: as contrasted with her mood in line 228 (tristior)· templum: understand est. illi Veneri. Sabaeo ture: Sabaean incense is mentioned also in the Old Testament; cf. Jeremiah, vi, 20. incense from Sheba.

418-440. Aeneas and Achates enter Carthage. Activity of the people.

418 corripuere viam : have sped on their way.
419. plurimus: with mighty mass.
421. molem: the pile of buildings.

where huts had formerly stood.

422. strata viarum: i.e. the paved streets.

magalia quondam: i.e.

423. pars: in apposition with Tyrii. ducere: to build; this and the following infinitives depend upon instant.

425. tecto: for a dwelling; Dative of Purpose. concludere sulco: to enclose it (the site of the dwelling) with a trench, viz. for the foundation walls.

426. legunt: with jura, adopt; whh magistratus and senatum, choose; Zeugma; B. 374, 2, a; A. 640; G. 690; H. 751, 2, n.

427. theatri: an anachronism. Theatres were unknown at the period here referred to.

429. scaenis . . . futuris: lofty ornaments of a stage that is to be (C.). The dative is poetically used where we should expect the geni. tive; decora is in apposition with columnas.

430. qualis apes exercet labor: such toil as busies the bees. Expressed in complete logical form the sentence would read: tali labore ('in such toil') qualis apes exercet, etc.

432. liquentia: from liquor, not liqueo. 434. venientum: poetic for venientium.

435. ignavum pecus: in apposition with fucos. 436. fervet: i.e. goes briskly on.

437, fortunati: understand sunt. understood, the subject of sunt.

quorum: the antecedent is e

438. suspicit: gazes up at. He has already descended from the hill.

439. dictu: for the construction, compare line 111, miserabile visu. 440. medios: understand viros from the following viris. miscet: supply se from infert se. viris with the people; dative; B. 358, 3;

A. 413, a, N. (2); G. 346, n. 6; H. 428, 3. neque cernitur ulli: and is seen by no one; literally, nor is seen by any (one). Note that the Latin regularly says neque ullus or neque quisquam, where we say 'and no,' 'and no one'; ulli (the adjective) is here used where we should regularly expect the pronoun, cuiquam. The dative is one of Agency; B. 189, 3; A. 375, a; G. 354, n. 1; H. 431, 6.

441-493. Aeneas enters the Temple of Juno, where are pictures illustrating the chief events of the Trojan War.

441. laetissimus umbrae: most bounteous in shade. as in dives opum, line 14.

442. quo: with loco.

primum: i.e. upon landing.

dis et turbine: viz. on their voyage from Tyre.

The genitive

443. effodere: perfect, third plural. signum: a token.

jactati un

444. caput equi: Carthaginian coins often exhibit this device. sic: i.e. by using the horse's head as their emblem. fore: depending upon the idea of saying involved in monstrarat.

445. facilem victu: easily sustained; literally, easy to live; victu is the supine. The reference is to the commercial supremacy which Carthage so long enjoyed.

446. Sidonia: since Sidon was an important Phoenician city, Sidonius comes to mean Phoenician.'

447. numine: the favor, the presence.

448. aerea cui gradibus, etc.: at the summit of whose steps was a brazen threshold; with bronze were fastened the door-posts; bronze were the doors with their grating hinges; literally, to the steps to which rose a threshold of bronze the hinge creaked to doors of bronze; cui, gradibus, foribus are Datives of Reference. The empha

sis of the passage rests on aerea, aere, aënis; i.e. the poet represents the entire entrance — threshold, jambs, portals—as constructed entirely of costly bronze; hence the twofold repetition of this idea. -que e is elided before the initial vowel of the following line, thus producing an Hypermeter Verse; see note on line 332.

450. nova res oblata: the appearance of a new circumstance; literally, a new thing presented; B. 337, 6; A. 497, a; H. 636, 4.

452. afflictis melius, etc.: have a fairer trust in his shattered fortunes; rebus is ablative; B. 219, 1; A. 431; G. 401, n. 6; H. 476, 3. 453. sub ingenti templo: i.e. under the dome or roof of the structure. singula i.e. the separate details of the edifice.

454. reginam opperiens: apparently inconsistent with line 389, in which Venus bids Aeneas proceed to the palace of the queen. quae

fortuna sit: indirect question, representing an exclamation of direct discourse; quae = quanta.

455. artificum manus inter se : the rival skill of the artists, i.e. of those who had worked on the temple. operum laborem: i.e. the

toil involved in the work.

458. saevum ambobus Achillem: i.e. both to Priam and to the Atridae, Menelaus and Agamemnon. Agamemnon had forcibly taken from Achilles a captive maiden allotted to him as his share of the spoils. This was the occasion of the so-called 'Wrath of Achilles,' the chief subject of Homer's Iliad.

459. jam: i.e already all places are full of the story of our struggles. Achate for the form of the vocative, see B. 22; A. 44; G. 65; H. 81. 460. nostri laboris: i.e. the sufferings of the Trojans in the siege and capture of their city.

461. hic etiam: i.e. here, too, as well as elsewhere. sua praemia laudi: worth has its own, or its fitting, rewards; B. 244, 4; A. 301, b ; G. 309, 2; H. 503, 2.

462. sunt lacrimae rerum: there is compassion for suffering. mentem mortalia tangunt: the sufferings of mortals touch the heart, i.e. arouse sympathy; a restatement in other words of the thought in lacrimae rerum.

463. tibi: Aeneas addresses Achates, but is thinking also of himself. We should have expected nobis.

466. uti: how; introducing the indirect questions.

circum Anastrophe.

467. hac, hac: here, there.

jan youth, etc.

Pergama

premeret, etc.: (and how) the Tro

468. hac Phryges: ut hac Phryges fugerent. Phryges, as often. refers to the Trojans. For the termination-ěs, see B. 47, 2; A. 81, 4;

G. 66, 4; H. 109, 4.

469. Rhesi tentoria: Rhesus was a king of Thrace, who came to assist the Trojans in the war against the Greeks. With him he brought his snow-white horses. An oracle had declared that Troy should be impregnable, if these horses should once graze on the meadows of Troy and drink the waters of the Xanthus. Therefore Ulysses and Diomedes surprised Rhesus as soon as he entered Trojan territory, slew him, and led his horses away. niveis velis: another anachronism. Huts and not tents seem to have been used as a shelter in the Heroic Age.

470. primo somno: i.e. on the first night after entering Trojan territory.

472. avertit, etc. : not a part of the picture, but an addition of the poet. castra: viz. of the Greeks. priusquam gustassent: before they should taste; an act anticipated and forestalled: for the subjunctive, see B. 292, 1, b; A. 551, b; G. 577; H. 605, 11.

474. Troilus: a son of Priam. He was slain by Achilles. i.e. his shield. He still clung to his spear.

armis :

475. impar congressus Achilli: having met Achilles in unequal combat; impar is predicative nominative; Achilli is dative. For the poetical use of the dative with verbs of contending, etc., see B. 358, 3 ; A. 413, a, N. (2); G. 346, n. 6; H. 428, 3.

476. fertur equis: i.e. his lifeless body is still drawn along in his chariot, though he no longer guides the steeds. curru: to the chariot; Ablative of Association; Appendix to Bennett's Latin Grammar, § 337. 477. lora tenens tamen: i.e. he has a death grip on the reins. Virgil's description is inconsistent with the practice of the Homeric warriors, who, when fighting from the chariot, were regularly accompanied by a driver. huic cervix, etc.: his head and locks; huic

is a Dative of Reference.

478. versa hasta with his trailing spear; literally, turned spear; i.e. the tip of the spear, instead of pointing forward, as it did when used by the warrior, is inverted and trails after the car.

the i is irregularly long here.

479. interea: i.e. in the course of the events just described. aequae angry; in consequence of Paris's verdict.

pulvis :

non

480. crinibus passis: with dishevelled hair; a sign of grief and distress. peplum Virgil attributes to the Trojans the custom later existing at Athens, where an embroidered saffron-colored robe (TÉTλos) was annually offered to Athena at the festival of the Panathenaea.

481. tunsae pectora: beating their breasts. The perfect participle is here used with the force of the present. For the construction of pectora, see B. 175, 2, d; A. 397, c; G. 338, 2; H. 407.

482. diva: the goddess, viz. Pallas.

of her displeasure; solo is ablative.

solo... tenebat: as a mark

483. ter circum, etc. : after slaying Hector, Achilles is said to have dragged his body in triumph before the city. raptaverat: i.e. prior to yielding the body up to Priam, the act referred to in vendebat.

484. exanimum: poetic form. In prose, the adjective is usually of the third declension. vendebat Priam brought rich gifts to Achilles, in return for which he received Hector's body.