of Language, on Historical Doctrines in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century, are more than statements of the views of different writers, much more than a literary catalogue. They are treatises based upon the views of these writers, exposing their reasoning where it is weak, vindicating it where it is just, and condensing all of it that is valuable and essential to the understanding of the thought. The Introduction, by Charles Renouvier, on the Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century, is a finished and comprehensive survey of the school of St. Simon, in all its sects and varieties, as developed by Bardin, Thierry, Fourier, Proudhon, Enfantin, De Maistre, Comte and his disciples, Renan, Littré, and the rest, and as influenced by Hegel and the German philosophers. St. Simon is as much the French philosopher of the nineteenth century as Descartes was of the seventeenth, and is as truly the representative man of France as Kant is of Germany, or Bacon of England. But Renouvier does not write as a partisan of this school. He judges it as an impartial judge, and shows where it is lacking, what is false in its premises, and what is lamentable in its tendencies. Still more remarkable are the three essays which follow, on the Moralists, which look at Ethics from every side, from the stand-point of Greek Paganism, of the Roman Law, of Medieval Scholasticism, of practical utility, of state policy, of materialism, of spiritualism, and of abstract justice, — which discuss morality in its idea and in its sanctions, in its relation to physical life, and in its relation to the life of the soul. It is impossible to praise too highly the candor and the intelligence of this discussion and comparison of the works of so many writers, who differ from each other so widely.

The first of the two essays upon Esthetics reviews in succession the theories of Art by Levêque, Saisset, Laprade, Taine, Houssaye, Proudhon, Chesneau, and Milsand, the expounder of Ruskin. The combination of these changing views gives to the essay all the light and shade of a picture, at the same time that there is no effort at rhetorical brilliancy. The other essay, on the Historians of Art, aims rather to show the influence of David and the Revolution upon the development of Art in France. The shortest and least satisfactory essay in the volume is that on Linguistics. The most interesting of all is the closing essay, by the Editor, on the theory of Providence in History, the most significant statement of which is given in Napoleon's "Life of Cæsar." This specious plea for the identification of success with Divine right, of human despotism with the Divine purpose, is analyzed and refuted with rare ability. Without vituperation, M. Pillon holds up the Imperial sophistries to the clear sight of common sense, and in their false rendering of historical fact. The absurdity of attempting to

illustrate history, or trace cause to effect, or fact to consequence, by the intrusion of Divine influence and will, has nowhere been more fitly presented. A single paragraph may give an idea of the vigorous style and free handling which are characteristic of the whole essay.

"Historical science is equally incompatible with the concrete providence of mythologies and the abstract providence of philosophies; what it rejects in the prophetisms, the messianisms, and the incarnations is not only the supernatural and miraculous, but the whole idea of finality and of historical destiny; all this, in its view, is purely subjective, that is to say, imaginary. It knows nothing more of the immanent God than of the transcendent God, nothing more of divine fatality than of divine choice. In excluding from its domain the real presence, the real action, of Deity in humanity, it does not distinguish the different ways of conceiving this presence and action. I go even farther, and insist that the old classic providence of Christian theology, with its breaking thunderbolts (coups de foudre), such, for instance, as Bossuet understood it, leaves the field freer for the positive science of History than the systematic providence with its general laws and its universal views. The first, in fact, keeps itself within the sphere of religion. Its end is not social progress, but the post-vital salvation of a certain number of the elect. It carefully separates sacred from profane history, the course of religion from the course of empires. It voluntarily abandons political order and movement to human activities and responsibilities, that is, to second causes, having no other purpose, outside of what may affect the true religion, than to chastise the pride of kings and peoples, and to show in their grand overturning the frailty and vanity of all mortal things."

This first volume of the Année Philosophique, full as it is, only half completes the original plan of the work, which is to survey all the sciences. In a second volume, soon to appear, the sciences of logic and psychology, of metaphysics and religion, of physics and biology, will all find place. If the new volume shall be as well finished as the present, this philosophic review of the year will take rank at the head of all publications in this form, of which there are many in France. At the close of the volume, there are notices of a large number of works published in 1867, which are not reviewed in the previous essays. These notices are marked by the same fair and independent spirit that we find in the essays. Notices of all the reviews, too, specially devoted to social, moral, or metaphysical science, are appended. Altogether, L'Année Philosophique is one of the most valuable books of the last year.

LIST OF SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

1. On Labor: its Wrongful Claims and Rightful Dues; its Actual Present and Possible Future. By William T. Thornton, Author of "A Plea for Peasant Proprietors." London: Macmillan & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. 439.

2. Force and Nature. Attraction and Repulsion. The Radical Principles of Energy discussed in their Relations to Physical and Morphological Developments. By Charles Frederick Winslow, M. D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. 492.

3. The Chaplet of Pearls. By the Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe.” New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. 331.

4. Phineas Finn, the Irish Member. A Novel. By Anthony Trollope. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1868. 8vo. pp. 235.

5. Annual of Scientific Discovery; or, Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art for 1869. Edited by Samuel Kneeland, A. M., M. D. Gould and Lincoln. 1869. 12mo. pp. xvi., 377.

Boston:

6. The Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck. By James Grant Wilson. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 607.

7. Pre-Historic Nations; or, Inquiries concerning some of the Great Peoples and Civilizations of Antiquity, and their Probable Relation to a still Older Civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia. By John D. Baldwin, A. M. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 414. 8. The Blameless Prince, and other Poems. By Edmund Clarence Stedman. Boston Fields, Osgood, & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 192.

9. Views from Plymouth Rock: a Sketch of the Early History of the Plymouth Colony. Designed for Young People. By Z. A. Mudge. New York: Carlton and Lanahan. 1869. 12mo.

pp. 451.

10. China and the Chinese. By the Rev. John L. Nevius, Ten Years a Missionary in China. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 456.

11. My Recollections of Lord Byron; and those of Eye-Witnesses of his Life. By the Countess Guiccioli. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 670.

12. The Gain of a Loss. A Novel. By the Author of " The Last of the Cavaliers." New York: Leypoldt and Holt. 1869. 12mo. pp. 439.

13. The General; or, Twelve Nights in a Hunter's Camp. A Narrative of Real Life. Illustrated by G. G. White. Boston: Lee and Shepard.

1869. 12mo. pp. 268.

14. The Planet; a Song of a Distant World. By Larry Best. Cambridge: Printed at the Riverside Press. 1869. 12mo. pp. 161.

15. The Study of Languages brought back to its True Principles; or the Art of Thinking in a Foreign Language. By C. Marcel, Knt. Leg. Hon. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 228.

16. Pictures from Prison Life. An Historical Sketch of the Massachusetts State Prison. With Narratives and Incidents, and Suggestions on Discipline. By Gideon Haynes, Warden. Boston: Lee and Shepard. 1869. 12mo. pp. 290.

17. The Law of Love, and Love as a Law; or, Moral Science, Theoretical and Practical. By Mark Hopkins, D. D., LL. D., President of Williams College. New York: Charles Scribner & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 342.

18. Jesus of Nazareth, his Life and Teachings; founded on the Four Gospels, and illustrated by Reference to the Manners, Customs, Religious Beliefs, and Political Institutions of his Times. By Lyman Abbott. With Designs by Doré and others. New York: Harper and Brothers. 8vo. pp. 522.

1869.

19. A Half-Century with Juvenile Delinquents; or, The New York House of Refuge and its Times. By B. K. Peirce, D. D., Chaplain of the New York House of Refuge. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. 384. 20. Tribune Essays. Leading Articles contributed to the New York Tribune from 1857 to 1863. By Charles T. Congdon. With an Introduction by Horace Greeley. New York: J. S. Redfield. 1869. 12mo. pp. xxiv., 406. 21. An Introduction to the Study of English Literature. By Henry N. Day. New York: Charles Scribner & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 539.

22. Treatises on Light, Color, Electricity, and Magnetism. By Johann Ferdinand Jencken, M. D. Translated by Henry D. Jencken, M. R. I., F. R. G. S. London: Trübner & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. xxxv., 232.

23. Sermons. By the Rev. John Ker, Glasgow. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1869. 12mo. pp. 385.

24. Sermons on the Failure of Protestantism, and on Catholicity. By the Rev. Ferdinand C. Ewer, S. T. D., Rector of Christ Church, New York. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 168.

25. History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-65. Prepared in Compliance with Acts of the Legislature. By Samuel P. Bates, Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Vol. I. Harrisburg: B. Singerly.

1869. 8vo. pp. 1327.

26. Her Majesty's Tower. Harper and Brothers. 1869. 27. He knew he was Right. Harper and Brothers. 1869.

By William Hepworth Dixon. New York: 12mo. pp. 263.

By Anthony Trollope. Part I. New York: 8vo. pp. 172.

28. Cast up by the Sea. By Sir Samuel W. Baker, M. A., F. R. G. S. With Ten Illustrations by Huard. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 419.

29. Sacred Lyrics. Hymns, Original, and translated from the German ; with Versions of Psalms. By John Guthrie, M. A., Glasgow. London: James Nisbet & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 216.

30. Reunion of Christian Friends and their Infant Children in the Heavenly Kingdom. By William Anderson, LL. D. Edinburgh: William Oliphant & Co. 1868. 16mo. pp. 101.

31. How a Bride was Won; or a Chase across the Pampas. By Frederick Gerstaecker. Translated by Francis Jordan. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. 274.

32. The Formation of Christendom. Part Second. By T. W. Allies. New York: Catholic Publication House. 1869. 8vo. pp. 495.

33. The Fisher-Maiden. A Norwegian Tale. By Björnstjerne Björn

son.

From the Author's German Edition, by M. E. Niles. New York: Leypoldt and Holt. 1869. 12mo. pp. 217.

34. Beatrice, and other Poems. By the Hon. Roden Noel. London: Macmillan & Co. 1868. 12mo. pp. 324.

35. Biographical Sketches. By Harriet Martineau. New York: Leypoldt and Holt. 1869. 12mo. pp. 458.

36. Chips from a German Workshop. By Max Müller, M. A. Vol. I. Essays on the Science of Religion. Vol. II. Essays on Mythology, Traditions, and Customs. New York: Charles Scribner & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 374, 402.

37. Letters of a Sentimental Idler from Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Nubia, and the Holy Land. By Harry Harewood Leech. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 463.

38. Handbook of Natural Philosophy, for School and Home Use. By W. J. Rolfe and J. A. Gillet. Boston: Woolworth, Ainsworth, & Co. 12mo. pp. 324.

1869.

39. The Story of a Conscript. A Story of the French War of 1813. By MM. Erckmann-Chatrian. Translated from the Twentieth Paris Edition. New York: Charles Scribner & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 330.

40. A Book about Dominies, being the Reflections and Recollections of a Member of the Profession. Boston: Roberts and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 265.

41. Christian Epitaphs of the First Six Centuries. By the Rev. John McCaul, LL. D., President of University College. Toronto: W. C. Chewett & Co. 1869. 8vo. pp. xxviii., 72.

42. The Ring and the Book. By Robert Browning, M. A. In Two Volumes. Vol. II. Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 332. 43. Wild Life under the Equator. Narrated for Young People. By Paul Du Chaillu. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 231. 44. The Waverley Novels. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Illustrated with Steel and Wood Engravings. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. 45. Words of Comfort for Parents bereaved of Little Children. Edited by William Logan. London: James Nisbet & Co. 1868. 12mo. pp. 560. 46. The Old World in its New Face. Impressions of Europe in 1867–68. By Henry W. Bellows. Volume II. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 12mo. pp. 528.

47. The Works of Charles Dickens. With Illustrations by Cruikshank, Leech, and Browne. In Six Volumes. Vol. V. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 780.

48. Marryatt's Popular Novels. In Twelve Volumes. Vols. 10, 11, 12. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 399, 411, 407.

49. Pope's Poetical Works. Edited by the Rev. H. F. Cary, M. A. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 485.

50. The Vision; or, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise of Dante Alighieri. Translated by the Rev. H. F. Cary, M. A. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869. 12mo. pp. 587.

51. Nature's Nobleman. By the Author of " Rachel's Secret." New York: Harper and Brothers. 1869. 8vo. pp. 144.