SEC. 7. The Legislature shall never sell or dispose of the salt springs, belonging to this State. The lands contiguous thereto, and which may be necessary and convenient for the use of the salt springs, may be sold by authority of law and under the direction of the commissioners of the land office, for the purpose of investing the moneys arising therefrom in other lands alike convenient; but by such sale and purchase the aggregate quantity of these lands shall not be diminished.

ARTICLE IX.

SECTION 1. The capital of the common school fund; the capital of the literature fund, and the capital of the United States deposit fund, shall be respectively preserved inviolate.

The

revenues of the said common school fund shall be applied to the support of common schools; the revenues of the said literature fund shall be applied to the support of academies, and the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars of the revenues of the United States deposit fund shall each year be appropriated to and made a part of the capital of the said common school fund.

Corporations,

how created.

ARTICLE X.

SECTION 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws. They shall not be created nor their powers increased or diminished by special act, except for municipal, literary, scientific, charitable or benevolent purposes. All such laws may be altered Consolidation of or repealed. The Legislature shall not authorize the consolidaroads prohibited. tion of railroad corporations owning parallel or competing lines of road.

competing rail

Debts of corporations.

"Corporations" defined.

SEC. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such individual liability of the corporators, and other means, as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 3. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be construed to include all associations and joint-stock companies having any of the privileges or powers of corporations, not possessed by partnerships or individuals. Corporations shall have the right to sue and may be sued in all courts by their corporate

names.

Registry of bills or notes.

Specie payments.

Insolvency of banks, preference.

responsibility of

SEC. 4. The Legislature shall provide for the registration of all bills or notes issued or put in circulation as money, by virtue of any law of this State, and shall require ample security for the redemption of the same in specie.

No law shall be passed authorizing or sanctioning the suspension of specie payments.

In case of the insolvency of any bank or banking association, the bill-holders thereof shall be entitled to preference in payment over all other creditors.

Individual SEC. 5. The stockholders in every corporation and joint-stock stockholders. association for banking purposes, issuing notes or any kind of credits to circulate as money, shall be individually liable to the amount of their respective share or shares of stock, for all of its liabilities.

ARTICLE VIII.

how created.

SECTION 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws; Corporations, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section, may be altered from time to time, or repealed.

tions.

SEC. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such indi- Debts of corporavidual liability of the corporators and other means as may be prescribed by law.

defined.

SEC. 3. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be "Corporations" construed to include all associations and joint-stock companies having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships.. And all corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be sued in all courts in like cases as natural persons.

SEC. 4. The Legislature shall have no power to pass any act granting any special charter for banking purposes; but corporations or associations may be formed for such purposes under general laws.

Charters for banking purposes.

or notes.

SEC. 6. The Legislature shall provide by law for the registry Registry of bills of all bills or notes, issued or put in circulation as money, and shall require ample security for the redemption of the same in specie.

SEC. 5. The Legislature shall have no power to pass any law sanctioning in any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments, by any person, association or corporation issuing bank notes of any description.

SEC. 8. In case of the insolvency of any bank or banking association, the bill-holders thereof shall be entitled to preference in payment, over all other creditors of such bank or association.

SEC. 7. The stockholders in every corporation and joint-stock association for banking purposes, issuing bank notes or any kind of paper credits to circulate as money, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, shall be individually responsible to the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in any such corporation or association, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind, contracted after the said first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty.

Specie payments.

Insolvency of banks, preference.

Individual responsibilty of stockholders.

Managers of

ARTICLE XI.

SECTION 1. There shall be a board of managers of prisons, to chosen, terms of be composed of five persons, appointed by the governor, by and

prisons, how

office, &c.

Powers and duties.

with the advice and consent of the senate, who shall hold office for ten years, except that the five first appointed shall, as the Legislature may direct, be so classified that the term of one shall expire at the end of each two years during the first ten years. The board shall have the charge and superintendence of the state prisons, and shall have such powers and perform such duties in respect to the county jails, the local or district penitentiaries and other penal and reformatory institutions as the Legislature may prescribe. The board shall appoint a secretary, who shall be removable at their pleasure, who shall perform such duties as the Legislature or the board may direct, and shall receive a salary to be determined by law. The members of the board shall receive no compensation other than reasonable travelling and other official expenses. The Legislature at its first Compensation session after the adoption of this constitution shall limit the amount of such expenses, which limit shall not be changed, except at intervals of five years.

Secretary.

and expenses.

Appointment

and removal of subordinates.

Removal of managers.

Militia.

Annually enrolled.

SEC. 2. The board shall appoint the warden, clerk, physician and chaplain of each state prison, and shall have power to remove them for cause only, after opportunity to be heard, upon written charges. All other officers of each prison shall be appointed by the warden, and be removable at his pleasure.

SEC. 3. The governor may remove the managers of prisons for misconduct or neglect of duty, after opportunity to be heard, upon written charges.

ARTICLE XII..

SECTION 1. All able-bodied male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years shall be annually enrolled, under such regulations as shall be established by law, as a militia force, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and aid in the enforcement of the laws.

The National Guard, active

SEC. 2. The militia shall be divided into active and reserve and reserve force. forces. The active militia shall be called the national guard of the State of New York, and its number determined by law; but shall not in time of peace exceed thirty thousand. It shall be

ARTICLE V.

Inspectors of State Prisons,

terms of office.

SEC. 4. Three inspectors of State Prisons, shall be elected at the general election which shall be held next after the adoption how elected and of this Constitution, one of whom shall hold his office for one year, one for two and one for three years, years. The Governor, Secretary of State, and Comptroller, shall meet at the Capitol on the first Monday of January next succeeding such election, and determine by lot which of said Inspectors shall hold his office for one year, which for two, and which for three years; and there shall be elected annually thereafter, one Inspector of State Prisons, who shall hold his office for three years; said Inspectors shall have the charge and superintendence of the State Prisons, and shall appoint all the officers therein. All vacancies in the office of such Inspector shall be filled by the Governor, till the next election.

ARTICLE XI.

SECTION 1. The militia of this State shall, at all times hereafter, be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service; but

Militia,