An apprentice must be taught reading, writing, and the ground rules of arithmetic. Upon completing the apprenticeship the master must give the apprentice a new Bible, two complete suits of wearing apparel suitable to the condition in life of the apprentice, and $20 in money. The above must be given only in case the apprentice has served one year or more, and they must be secured to and for the sole use and benefit of the apprentice.

It is unlawful for any person to counsel, persuade, or entice an apprentice to run away or absent himself from the service of his master, or for an apprentice to rebel against or assault his master. The master may not remove an apprentice out of the State without the consent of the county court. The death of the master discharges the apprenticeship.

Source: Annotated Statutes of 1896, chapter 9, sections 1 to 19; chapter 23, sections 121, 135, 136.

INDIANA.

A minor may be bound out by the father; by the mother, if there be no father, or if he be incompetent; by the guardian, if there be neither father nor mother. If the minor is over 14 years of age his consent is necessary, and must be expressed in the indentures and attested by his signature. The overseers of the poor (township trustees) may, with the consent of the county judge, indorsed on indentures, bind out the child of any pauper supported in whole or in part by the county, and any child whose parents abandon or neglect or are unable to support it. They may also bind out a child having neither father, mother, nor guardian, and having no sufficient means of support or education; and any white child taken from any asylum in any other State and brought into the State of Indiana to be bound. Children so bound out by the overseers of the poor must be under 16 years of age. The superintendents of county asylums may bind out such poor children as from time to time fall under their care and charge. The board of children's guardians of a county may, by leave of the circuit court of the county, bind out children abandoned, neglected, or cruelly treated by their parents; children begging on the streets; children of habitually drunken or vicious or unfit parents; children kept in vicious or immoral associations; children known by their life and language to be vicious and incorrigible, and juvenile delinquents and truants. Any association for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an asylum and home for the care, support, discipline, and education of orphan children may bind out any inmate who has neither father, mother, nor guardian, or one whose parents have granted to the corporation the authority to bind the child. A minor may be bound out by manual-labor schools organized and incorporated under the laws of the State. The superintendent of the female reformatory of the State may bind out a girl committed there during her minority, but only with her consent. The superintendent of the Reform School for Boys may bind out a boy during minority, but only with his consent. A minor over the age of 14, having no father, mother, nor guardian, may bind himself, but the consent of the probate judge of the county, to be indorsed on the indentures, is necessary.

Children may be bound for a term not extending beyond the age of 21 years if males and 18 if females, but the marriage of a female annuls her indenture. The indenture is not assignable.

An indenture binding a white apprentice who has more than three years to serve must contain an agreement on the part of the master to cause the apprentice to be taught reading, writing, and the rules of arithmetic to the double rule of three, inclusive, if practicable. All valuable agreements on the part of the master must be for the benefit of the apprentice and may be sued on and recovered in his name.

It is unlawful for a master to compel an apprentice to work more than ten hours per day without additional compensation. An absconding apprentice may by order of court be returned to the master or if he refuses may be committed to jail. The master's death discharges the apprentice. In case the master removes from the State the discharge is optional with the apprentice.

Source: Annotated Statutes of 1901, sections 3186a, 3186e, 3188, 7299 to 7317, 8168, 8285, 8319.

IOWA.

A minor may be bound out, with a written consent appended to or indorsed on the indentures by the father; if the father is dead, has abandoned his family, or is for any cause incapacitated, then by the mother; if she is dead, or incapacitated, then by the guardian; or, if there be no guardian, then by the clerk 56560-08-7

of the circuit court. If the minor is more than 12 years of age, the indentures must be signed by him of his own free will. A pauper minor may be bound out by the clerk of the circuit court without obtaining his assent. Poor children under 16 years of age in a poor house or house of refuge may be bound out by the board of supervisors of the county until 18 years of age or such earlier time as may be fixed, or until married before that time. Children in the State Reform School may, with the written consent of their parents or guardians, if any, be bound out by the trustees thereof until the end of their term or an earlier time. The terms of apprenticeship, except as above indicated, may continue until the attainment of the age of majority, which is 21 years in the case of males, and 18 years in the case of females, or until marriage.

It is the duty of the master to send the apprentice who is 6 years old or over, to school, if there is one in the district, at least four months in each year, and he must clothe him in a comfortable and becoming manner and provide him with suitable and sufficient food.

The death of the master or his removal from the State dissolves the indenture unless otherwise provided or unless the apprentice elects to continue in his service.

Source: Code of 1897, sections 2704, 3229 to 3249.

KANSAS.

A minor may bind himself with the consent of the father, indorsed on the indentures, or, if he is dead, has no legal capacity to give consent, has willfully abandoned his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or has become an habitual drunkard, then of the mother or guardian, and if there is no parent or guardian, then of the probate court. An orphan or minor who has no estate sufficient for his maintenance may be bound out by his guardian with the consent of the probate court. An executor who is directed by the last will of a father to bring up a child to some trade or calling, has the power, with the consent of the mother, if living, to bind the child out. A poor child who is or may be chargeable to the county or shall beg for alms, whose parents are poor and the father an habitual drunkard, or, if there be no father, whose mother is of a bad character, or suffers her children to grow up in habits of idleness without any visible means of obtaining an honest livelihood, may be bound out by the probate court. Overseers of the poor of townships and cities and superintendents of county asylums may bind out such poor children as fall under their care and charge. The trustees of the State Reform School may bind out any boy committed thereto with his consent. An inmate of the

Industrial School for Girls may be bound out by the trustees of said school. Male apprentices may be bound until they reach the age of 18 years and females 16 years. Inmates of the State Reform School and of the State Industrial School for Girls may be bound out during their minority or for a shorter period.

An apprentice must be taught reading, writing, and the ground rules of arithmetic, the compound rules, and the rule of three. At the expiration of his term of service, the master must give him or her a new Bible, two new suits of clothes of the value of $40, and $10 in currency.

It is unlawful to counsel, persuade, entice, or assist any apprentice to run away or absent himself from the service of his master, or to harbor or conceal such an apprentice, knowing him to be a runaway. The master may not take his apprentice out of the State, but the probate court may discharge the apprentice from the service of such master, and again bind him, if necessary, to some other person.

Source: General Statutes of 1901, sections 295 to 318, 6988, 7129, 7130, 7151.

KENTUCKY.

A poor orphan and any other child whose relatives or parents, in the judgment of the court, will not bring them up in moral courses, may be bound out by the county court. Any orphan minor may be bound out by his guardian, or, if he has no guardian, by his mother, with the consent of the county court. Children of a man sentenced to the penitentiary may be bound out by the courts in their discretion. The board of trustees of the State House of Reform for Boys and the State House of Reform for Girls may also bind out inmates of these institutions.

The term of apprenticeship is until the apprentice attains the age of 21 years if a boy, and 18 years if a girl.

The master is required to furnish the apprentice proper medical attention, food, and clothing, and to treat him humanely. At the end of the term of service the master must pay the apprentice, if a boy, $100, and if a girl, $50, but if the master has taught the apprentice to read and write he is not bound to pay any money at the end of the term.

It is unlawful to entice an apprentice from his master or knowingly to conceal, harbor, or employ an apprentice who has left the service of his master. A runaway apprentice may, by order of the county court, be arrested and returned to his master or confined in jail for not more than twenty days. It is unlawful to take or send an apprentice out of the State, or to sell his term of service or any part thereof, to any person, or to give another person the right to control such child. If the master dies the apprentice may be bound again to another by order of the county court.

Sources: Statutes of 1894, sections 2591 to 2610; Acts of 1896, chapter 33, sections 11, 18.

LOUISIANA.

A minor may bind himself as an apprentice. The consent of a parent, tutor, or curator is necessary, or, if there be no such person in the parish where the minor resides, then the consent of the mayor of New Orleans, in the parish of Orleans, or of the parish judges of their respective parishes throughout the State.

The term of apprenticeship expires at the age of 21 years in the case of males and of 18 years in the case of females, unless an earlier period is stipulated. Persons who have attained the age of majority may bind themselves to service for a term of five years.

Apprentices under 21 years of age must be taught reading, writing, and the fundamental principles of arithmetic.

The death of the master or his removal from the State dissolves the contract of apprenticeship.

Source: Revised Laws of 1897, page 16, sections 70 to 84.

MAINE.

A minor may be bound out by the father, if living; if not, by the mother or legal guardian. The consent of a minor, who is over 14 years of age, is necessary, and if a minor is bound out prior to that age the indenture will not continue in force beyond that age unless the minor upon reaching it shall give his consent. A minor, having no parent or guardian, may bind himself out with the approbation of the municipal officers of the town where he resides. Overseers of the poor of a town may bind out the minor children of parents chargeable to the town or of those who, in the opinion of the overseers, are unable to maintain them, and minor children who are themselves chargeable. The trustees of the State Reform School may bind out boys committed thereto, and the trustees of the Industrial School for Girls, girls committed thereto, for a period not exceeding the term of confinement.

Males may be bound until the age of 21 years and females until 18 years or until married.

All considerations allowed by the master or mistress in any contract of apprenticeship must be secured by the indenture to the sole use of the minor.

The master may not transfer the apprentice to another person or remove him out of the State. The death of the master dissolves the contract of apprenticeship.

Source: Revised Statutes of 1903, chapter 27, sections 22 to 29; chapter 64, sections 1 to 7; chapter 143, sections 1, 10, 11, 23, 24.

MARYLAND.

The orphans' courts in the several counties and the city of Baltimore, or any two justices of the peace, or in Somerset County a single justice of the peace, may bind out any orphan child, the increase or profits of whose estate is not sufficient for his maintenance, support, or education, children who are suffering through the indigence or poverty of their parents, children of beggars, illegitimate children, and children of persons out of the State to whom sufficient sus

tenance is not afforded. The trustees of the poor in any county may, in the recess of the orphans' court, bind out the child or children of any pauper or vagrant, but the indentures must within two months thereafter be approved by the orphans' court by indorsement thereon. A minor may be bound out by his father. The directors of the penitentiary and the managers of the house of correction, or any three of them, may bind out the children of female convicts who are brought to or born in said institutions. The House of the Good Shepherd of the city of Baltimore may, with the children's consent, bind out such white female children as are committed to the institution. The managers of the House of Reformation, the managers of the House of Refuge, and those of the Industrial Home for Colored Girls may, with similar consent, bind out the minors committed to these respective institutions. In Baltimore city the president and board of managers of the Children's Aid Society and the managers of the Home for the Friendless may apprentice male and female minors committed to their care. In Allegany County the trustees of the almshouse may bind out any minor child under their charge and dependent on the county for support.

Male apprentices may be bound until 21 and female apprentices until 18 years of age.

The master or mistress is required to give the apprentice a reasonable education in reading, writing, and arithmetic, to teach the apprentice a useful trade, and to supply suitable clothing and maintenance.

It is unlawful for any person to entice an apprentice from the service of a master or knowingly to harbor any apprentice so enticed.

Sources: Public General Laws, 1903, article 6, sections 1 to 30; article 27, section 454; Public Local Laws, 1888, article 1, sections 3, 4; article 20, sections 29 to 31; Acts of 1898, chapter 123, sections 891, 898.

MASSACHUSETTS.

A minor may be bound out by the father; if he is dead or incompetent, by the mother or legal guardian, and if illegitimate, by the mother. If the minor is over 14 years of age and is bound out by his parent or guardian, his consent is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by the signature of the minor. A minor child who is, or either of whose parents is, chargeable to a town, may be bound out by the overseers of the poor. A minor who has no parent competent to act and no guardian, may, with the approbation of the selectmen of the town where he resides, bind himself out.

A child under 14 years of age may be bound as an apprentice until that age. A minor over that age or a child of any age bound by the overseers of the poor may be apprenticed to the age of 18 years if a female or to the time of her marriage within that age, and to the age of 21 years if a male.

A minor bound out by the overseers of the poor must be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, and must be given such other instruction, benefit, or allowance, either within or at the end of the term, as the overseers, in the contract of apprenticeship, may require. All considerations of money or other things paid or allowed by the master upon a contract of apprenticeship must be paid or secured to the sole use of the minor.

The death of the master discharges the apprenticeship.
Source: Revised Laws of 1902, chapter 155, sections 1 to 20.

MICHIGAN.

A minor may bind himself out with the consent of the father indorsed on the indentures, or, if the father is dead, not in legal capacity to give his consent, or shall have abandoned and neglected to provide for his family, then of the mother; or, if she is dead or not in legal capacity to give or refuse such consent, then of the guardian; or, if there is no guardian, then of any two justices of the peace of the township, of the recorder of the city, or of the circuit or probate judge of the county. The county superintendents of the poor may bind out a child who may be sent to any county poorhouse, who is, or who may become, chargeable in whole or in part, to the county, or whose parent or parents may become so chargeable. Minors may also be bound out by officers of State institutions acting under the provisions of law authorizing them to place children in families by indenture, etc.; by officers of incorporated asylums or institutions authorized by law to receive, care for, and dispose of minor children; by the father and mother residing in the State, and if either be dead, or of legal incapacity, or has abandoned the child, then by the other, and if the child be

illegitimate, then by its mother; and by the guardian duly appointed if there be no father or mother of legal capacity.

A male may be apprenticed until 21 years and a female until 18 years of age, or until her marriage within that age, or for a shorter time.

A pauper minor bound by the county superintendent of the poor must be given a suitable education. All considerations of money or other things paid or allowed by the master must be paid or secured to the sole use of the apprentice.

The death of the master discharges the apprentice.

Source: Compiled Laws of 1897, sections 2026, 2199, 2213, 2261, 2262, 5559 to 5562, 5568 to 5570, 8292, 8748 to 8775.

MINNESOTA.

A minor may be bound out by the father; if the father is dead or incompetent, by the mother or legal guardian, and if illegitimate, he may be bound out by the mother. The consent of a minor who is over 14 years of age is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by his signing the same. If there is no parent competent to act and no guardian, a minor may bind himself, but must have the approbation of the county commissioners of the county where he resides. A minor chargeable upon a county for support may be bound out by the board of county commissioners of said county. The managers of the State Reform School may, with his consent, bind out a minor committed to their care.

Children under 14 years of age may be bound as apprentices until that age. Minors above the age of 14 years may be bound as apprentices, males to the age of 21 and females to the age of 18 years or to the time of their marriage within that age.

Provision must be made in the indenture for teaching the apprentice reading, writing, and the general rules of arithmetic. All considerations of money or other things paid or allowed by the master must be paid or secured to the sole use of the apprentice.

The death of the master discharges the apprentice.

Source: General Statutes of 1894, sections 1966, 3523, 4750 to 4762.

MISSISSIPPI.

The law provides only for the binding out of poor orphan children and children whose parents are unable to support them. They may be bound out by the supervisor of the proper district under the direction of the board of supervisors of the county.

Males may be bound out until 21 and females until 18 years of age.

The person to whom the apprentice is bound is required to provide the latter with sufficient good and wholesome food, necessary clothing, washing, and lodging; to treat him humanely, and to send him to school until he learns to read, write, and perform the ordinary calculation incident to the business of the master. At the expiration of the apprenticeship he is to furnish the apprentice with two suits of new clothing, including hats and shoes. Source: Annotated Code of 1892, sections 3159 to 3163.

MISSOURI.

An

A minor may be bound out by the father, or, in case of the father's death, incompetency, or willful abandonment of his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or if he has become an habitual drunkard, then by the mother or legal guardian. If illegitimate, a minor may be bound out by the mother. When a minor who is over 14 years of age is bound out by a parent or guardian the consent of said minor is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by his signing the same. executor who is directed in the will of the father to bring up a child to some trade or calling may bind said child out in like manner as the father could have done. A poor child who is, or may be, chargeable to the county, or who shall beg for alms, or whose parents are poor and the father is an habitual drunkard, or whose father is dead and the mother is of bad character or suffers her children to grow up in habits of idleness without any visible means of obtaining an honest livelihood, may be bound out by the probate court. An orphan minor who has not estate sufficient for his maintenance may be bound out by his guardian under direction of the probate court.