recriminate, floriferous, desolate, preference, dedicate, bibliopolist, eloquent, irregular, ventriloquist, memorable, reputation, doxology, conspiracy, general, desultory, contribute, omnivorous, typographer, oblivion, democracy, polygamy, citizen, stenography, parish, talent, melodist, borough, prisoner, promise, clever, metal, discrimination, theology, cylinder, paradise, monitory, solitude, sycophant, nobility, cavalcade, rivulet, profitable, integrity, relative, jealous.

Insert the hyphen in those places only in which the division appears best at the end and the beginning of lines, according to the Remarks, p. 226:Philosophy, intermediate, theology, magnificence, venturesome, biographer, questionable, lithography, professing, zoology, demigod, personate, widowhood, kaleidoscope, periphrasis, supervisor, geology, animation, abhorrence, government, tautology, permanent, classical, forgetfulness, superficial, congenial, circumstances, metamorphosis, subdivision, patronage, subordinate, beneficent, resistless, sufficient, superhuman, pantheism, disappointment, typographical, microscope, disinterestedness, benevolence, superficial, contradiction, sensibility, happiness, misanthropy, imperfect, circumference, counteracting, disproportionately, excitement, semicircle, predominate, artificial, portfolio, equilibrium, manufacture, preternatural, nomenclature, supernumerary, terraqueous, malefactor, primogeniture, resemble, suicide, transaction, intercept, education, counterfeit, superlative, transgression, supernatural, predestinate, typography, polysyllable, introduction, confident, philology, sympathy, misinform, spiritless, provision, appearance, belonging, cleverness, uniform, outnumber, bedchamber, gardening, fishmonger, disrespectful, plenipotentiary, doctorship, neighborhood, bedlamite, nonconformity, nightingale, antediluvian, parsonage, correspond, forgetfulness, superabundant, metaphorically, hydrophobia, antitrinitarian, putrefaction, alteration, haughtiness, semidiameter, improvement, proposition, serpentine, disjunction, intercourse, animalcule, bookselling, commonwealth, colloquial, reasoning, polyglot, puerility, correctness, understanding, preliminary, qualification, attaining, composition, commencement, incompetence, exclusive, disapprobation, adventure, introduction, gentleman, trinity, acquaintance, consciousness, transubstantiation, considering, persuasion, trigonometry, parallelogram, successfully, improper, diffidence, moreover, inference, hydrostatics, recollection, ameliorative, authorities, unwilling, autocrat, accelerate, emolument, carnivorous, emaciated.

SECT. III. MARKS OF QUOTATION.

MARKS OF QUOTATION [

66 ""

'] are employed to show that the words of an author or a speaker are quoted. These marks consist of two inverted commas placed at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end, of a quotation.

RULE I.

Words borrowed from a Speaker or an Author.

A word, phrase, or passage, belonging to another, and introduced into one's own composition, is distinguished by marks of quotation..

EXAMPLE.

To one who said, "I do not believe there is an honest man in the world," another replied, "It is impossible that any one man should know all the world, but quite possible that one may know himself."

to

REMARK S.

a. When a writer repeats his own language, and wishes to draw particular attention, he properly uses the same marks as he would employ were he transcribing the sentiments of another. Thus, if the author of the present work wished again to give directions on the grammatical points usually required before extracts, he might, instead of referring merely to page 108, copy from it the rule and certain comments, prefixing and appending the marks under notice, as follow: "A short quotation, or any expression that resembles & quotation, is separated by a comma from the clause which precedes it." "If, however, quotations or remarks extend to two or more

sentences, and are formally or specially introduced, a colon is preferable." "When an indirect quotation or a remark is preceded by a very brief clause, the comma is not required:"

b. Marks of quotation may be omitted where the matter taken is not given in the exact words of the author; as,

Socrates said that he believed in the immortality of the soul.

In the direct form, the sentence would be correctly written thus:Socrates said, "I believe that the soul is immortal."

c. It is usual to omit the quotation-marks when a mere phrase or saying from a foreign language is distinguished by Italics; as,· Nil mortalibus arduum est is a bold but encouraging assertion.

d. In old works, it was a common practice to introduce all extracts from Scripture in Italic characters; but, except when there is a necessity for calling particular attention to certain words or expressions, authors now generally and very properly prefer using marks of quotation; as,

One of the evangelists says, "Jesus wept."

e. Titles of books, and names of ships, &c., are sometimes written without the inverted commas, and put in Italic characters; as "Falconer, the author of The Shipwreck, embarked on board the Aurora frigate in the year 1769, and was supposed to have perished with the vessel at sea." But, as Italics give an irregular look to a printed page, quotation-marks are preferable; as,

We may justly regard "Paradise Lost" as one of the noblest monuments of human genius.

f. In speaking of certain words or phrases, some authors put them in Italics. Others, however, prefer placing them within marks of quotation; and, for the reason given in Remark e, this is the more eligible mode of exhibiting them; as,

We find the word "pharisaical" very useful in our modern speech.

g. When an example or an extract, particularly if in verse, is begun in a new line, and set in a smaller type, the marks of quotation are by some writers dispensed with. In cases, however, of this kind, perhaps the generality of authors and printers use the inverted commas and the apostrophes, agreeably to the rule; and this usage is recommended, except in works containing numerous quotations, which are well known to be such, as in the present book.

RULE II.

One Quotation within another.

When one quotation is introduced within another, the included one should be preceded by a single inverted comma, and closed by a single apostrophe.

EXAMPLES.

1. When treating of Christian orators, Maury asks the following apposite questions: "What is this you call eloquence? Is it the wretched trade of imitating that criminal, mentioned by a poet in his satires, who 'balanced his crimes before his judges with antithesis'? Is it the puerile secret of forming jejune quibbles; of rounding periods; of tormenting one's self by tedious studies, in order to reduce sacred instruction into a vain amusement?"

2. In describing the vast influence of a perfect orator over the feelings and passions of his audience, Sheridan forcibly says, "Notwithstanding the diversity of minds in such a multitude, by the lightning of eloquence they are melted into one mass; the whole assembly, actuated in one and the same way, become, as it were, but one man, and have but one voice. The universal cry is, Let us march against Philip; let us fight for our liberties; let us conquer or die!'"

REMARKS.

a. Double marks should be used before and after a quotation inserted in that which has been introduced into an extract; as, "Channing, the friend of humanity in every condition and under every garb, says, 'When I consider the greater simplicity of their lives, and their greater openness to the spirit of Christianity, I am not sure but that the "golden age " of manners is to begin among those who are now despaired of for their want of refinement." "

b. Some writers and printers observe the following direction, in preference to the rule given in the text: That a single inverted comma should be prefixed to a single quotation occurring in composition, and a single apostrophe annexed to it; but that two inverted commas should be introduced before, and two apostrophes after, another quotation occurring within the primary one; as, 'There are times when the spirit, oppressed with pain, worn with toil, tired of tumult, sick at the sight of guilt, wounded in its love, baffled in its hope, and trembling in its faith, almost longs for the "wings of a dove, that it might fly away," and take refuge amidst

the "shady bowers," the "vernal airs," the "roses without thorns," the quiet, the beauty, the loveliness, of Eden.' But the great objection to this mode of setting off extracts is, that, by using single marks to the quotations which are of primary importance, and double to those which are merely secondary, we exhibit the former less prominently than the latter.

c. The marks under consideration may with propriety be omitted in some instances, where several quotations are so much involved one within another, that the insertion of all the inverted commas and the apostrophes would tend to obscure the meaning of the entire passage; as,—

In the New Testament we have the following words: "Jesus answered the Jews, 'Is it not written in your law, - I said, Ye are gods?'"

By considering the example itself as an extract, there will be found here no fewer than five quotations; and yet, though two only are set off with quotation-marks, the passage is perhaps more intelligible, and to the eye certainly less offensive, than if printed thus: "In the New Testament we have the following words: 'Jesus answered the Jews, "Is it not written in your law,—'I said, "Ye are gods "?" " Ridiculous as it may appear, this mode of exhibiting quotations is only the application of the principle contained in the rule, but carried out beyond its legitimate purpose and extent.

d. Indeed, in quoting from such texts of Scripture as contain citations from other books of the sacred canon, it is usual to present them as they appear in the Common Version, without any quotation-marks in the body of the passage; as,

St. Pau! thus expresses himself: "Therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, The just shall live by faith. For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness, and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness." In another place the apostle says, "David also describeth the blessedness of the man unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works, saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin. Cometh this blessedness, then, upon the circumcision only?" &c.

But the exhibiting of a quotation within a quotation without the inverted commas, though more pleasing to the eye, is less accurate, than it would be if they were used in a single form, as in the passage above, lines six and seven of Remark c.

e. See page 156, Remark f; and page 161, Remark e.