Galloway, was raised to the throne of Scotland by the award of Edward I. and the English parliament, in the year 1292. But having attempted to shake off the feudal yoke, and to assert the independence of his country, he was defeated and deposed by Edward, in 1296.

last obliged to surrender to the French, he was sent, with the rest of the garrison, to France. He returned to Scotland about the year 1559; and, having joined the confederated lords, was appointed one of the commissioners to treat with the duke of Norfolk, the commissioner BALLIOL (EDWARD), of queen Elizabeth. In 1563 son of the foregoing, acquired, he was made one of the lords of by the arms of the English,a tem session, and was appointed by porary sovereignty in Scotland the general assembly, with other during the minority of David learned men, to revise the book Bruce. He had himself crowned of discipline. He wrote "A at Scone in 1332; but the parti-Treatise concerning Justificazans of the son of their favourite tion," and a "Catechism or king soon retrieved their affairs, Confession of Faith. He died and Edward Balliol was forced at Edinburgh in 1579. to seek an asylum in the English court, where he afterwards lived in a pitiful dependence. BALNĀVES (HENRY), a protestant divine, born in the county of Fife in the reign of James V, and educated at the university of St. Andrews. He went afterwards to France in order to finish his studies; and, returning to Scotland, was ad-torical narrative, it is remarkmitted into the family of the Earl of Arran, who at that time governed the kingdom, but was afterwards dismissed for having embraced the protestant reliBARCLAY (WILLIAM), gion. In 1564 Balnaves joined a learned civilian, was born in the murderers of Cardinal Bea- Aberdeenshire in the year 1541. ton; and while that party was He spent the early part of his besieged in the castle of St. An- life, and much of his fortune, at drews, he was sent to England, the court of Mary, queen of from whence he brought them Scots, from whose favour he a considerable supply of provi-expected preferment. In 1573 sions and money; but being at he went over to France, and at

BARBOUR (JOHN), archdeacon of Aberdeen, was born, according to Lord Hailes, about the year 1316. He wrote the History of king Robert Bruce, in an heroic poem, a work of high merit, and which will not suffer by comparison with any of the productions of his poetical cotemporaries. As an his

able for its veracity, and contains a great many facts and anecdotes omitted by other historians. Barbour died in 1396.

tr

BARCLAY (ROBERT), an eminent writer among the Quakers, was born at Edinburgh in 1648. In 1676, his famous " Apology for the Quakers" was published in Latin at Amsterdam, in 4to. He translated it, however, into English, and published it in 1678. This work is addressed to Charles II, and the manner he expresses himself to his majesty is very remarkable. Among many o

Bourges commenced student of{ civil law under the famous Cujacius. Having continued some years in that seminary, he took a doctor's degree, and was soon after appointed professor of civil law in the university of Pont-a-Mousson, then first founded by the duke of Lorraine. Having parted with his patron, Barclay embarked for Britain, where king James I, who had now succeeded to the two crowns, offered him consi-ther extraordinary passages we derable preferment, provided he meet with the following: would become a member of the "There is nobody in the world church of England. Not choos- who can so experimentally tes ing, however, to comply with tify of God's providence and this, he returned to France in goodness; neither is there any 1604, and, soon after his arrival who rules so many free people, was appointed professor of civil so many true Christians; which law in the university of Angers, thing renders thy government where he died the year follow-more honourable, thyself more ing, and was buried in the Franciscan church. He was esteemed a learned civilian, and wrote elaborately in defence of the divine right of kings, in answer to Buchanan and others.

BARCLAY (JOHN), son of the former, was a great favourite of the jesuits, who used all their efforts to induce him to enter into their society. These efforts, however, were unsuccessful. He published many works, of which the chief is his" Argenis," which has gone through many editions, and has been translated into most of the European languages. He died at Rome, in 1621, while his Argenis was printing at Paris.

considerable, than the accession of many nations filled with slavish and superstitious souls. Thou hast tasted of prosperity and adversity; thou knowest what it is to be banished thy native country, to be over-ruled as well as to rule and sit upon the throne; and being oppressed, thou hast reason to know how hateful the oppressor is both to God and man: if, after all these warnings and advertisements, thou dost not turn unto the Lord with all thy heart, but forget him who remembered thee in thy distress and give up thyself to follow low lust and vanity, surely great

greatly enlarged, and published in English, 2 vols. 8vo, 1745. He died in 1750, after suffering for a length of time, with the greatest fortitude, a complication of the most painful disorders.

will be thy condemnation." He burton calls it "the most finidid great service to his sect, by shed book of the kind that the his writings, over all Europe. present times have produced." He died at Ury on the 3d of Baxter drew up for his puplis October 1690. a piece intituled "Matho; sive BARRY (THOMAS), Pro-Cosmotheoria Puerilis, Dialovost of Bothwell, author of agus," &c. which he afterwards Latin poem on the battle of Otterburn, fought in 1388. BASSANTIN (JAMES), an astronomer of considerable me rit, was the son of the Laird of Bassantine in Merse, and was born in the reign of James iV. He was educated at the university of Glasgow, travelled through Germany and Italy, and then fixed his abode in the university of Paris, where he taught mathematics with great applause. Having acquired some fortune in this occupation, he returned to Scotland in 1562, where he died in the year 1568. His works shew him to have been no contemptible astrono-ed in 1726. mer, considering the times; but, like most of the mathematicians of that age, he was not a little addicted to judicial astrology.

BAXTER (ANDREW), a writer in metaphysics and natural philosophy, was born in 1686 at Aberdeen, where he received his education at King's College. His principal employment was that of a private tutor. His celebrated work," An Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul," was first published in 4to, and has been several times reprinted. Bishop War

BAXTER (WILLIAM), an eminent critic and grammarian, nephew to the foregoing, was born in 1650, and died in 1723. He published excellent editions of "Anacreon" and "Horace," was author of a "Latin Grammar," 1679, and of a "Glossary of the Roman Antiquities,' which, however, goes no farther than the letter A, and was print

BEATON (DAVID), archbishop of St. Andrews, and a member of the Sacred College of the Roman church, was born in 1494. He was raised to the dignity of cardinal by Pope Paul III; and being employed by James V. in negociating his marriage at the court of France, he was there consecrated bishop of Mirepoix. Soon after his instalment as archbishop of St. Andrews, he foolishly and cruelly promoted a furious persecution of the reformers in Scotland. The king's death, put a stop for a time to his arbitrary pro

terwards taught a school in his native county of Kincardine; and some time after he became assistant to the master of the grammar school of Aberdeen. In this situation an intimacy commenced betwixt the assistant and the daughter of the schoolmaster, which soon ripen

ceedings, he being then excluded from affairs of government and disgraced. He raised, however, so strong a party, that, upon the coronation of the young queen, Mary, he was ad. mitted of the council, made chancellor, and procured a commission as legate a latere from the court of Rome. He now beganed into a mutual affection, and to renew his persecution of he- in the end occasioned their retics; and, among the rest, of marriage. It is probable that, the famous Protestant preacher at this time, his "wishes had George Wishart, whose suffer- not learnt to stray" much be ings at the stake the cardinal is yond the humble ambition of said to have viewed from his succeding to his father-in-law window in the castle of St. An- as master of the grammar school. drew's, with apparent exulta- Notwithstanding the severe dution. He was shortly after this ties which must be daily perassassinated in his own chamber formed by a schoolmaster, and by Norman Lesly, at the head the tendency which going daily of a party of enthusiastic and in- through the same irksome task fatuated reformers, on the 29th must have in freezing the flow of May 1546. of the imagination, Mr. Beattie continued to be still smitten with the love of song; poetry was the darling pursuit of his heart, and it insinuated itself deeper and deeper into his affections. He now thought of committing some of his productions

BEATTIE (Dr. JAMES) was born in the year 1735. His father was a small farmer in the county of Kincardine, After young Beattie had finished his education at the county school, he was sent to the college of New Aberdeen. In the inter-to the world; and in 1760 he val of the college sessions, he published a volume of original was employed in teaching a poems and translations. In 1765 school at Alloa in Clackman- appeared another poem of his, nanshire. In this situation, and intituled "The Judgment of in others similar to it, he in- Paris." He was then about creased his acquaintance with twenty-five years of age: his the principles of grammar, and poetical talent was not fully acquired that accurate and clas- concocted; and though these sical knowledge, for which he specimens possessed a considerwas afterwards so eminently able degree of poetical merit, distinguished. Mr. Beattie af- and were well received, yet the

ingenuity of his logical induetions, that he had become the leader of a new school, and formed the opinions of those who had formerly belonged to a more temperate philosophy. The abettors of the old systems

author has since repented of appearing so early as a poet before the public, and has omitted the greater number of them in a late edition of his poems. Mr. Beattie had now acquired some poetical reputation. He was known to be possessed of learn-were alarmed at his conclusions; ing his studious disposition they grieved to see such dancontinually urged him to acquire gerous notions acquire so exmore he was entitled to be tensive an influence; they were raised above the drudgery of anxious for what appeared to teaching children; and through them to be the cause of truth the influence of the earl of Er- and sound philosophy, and dirol, he was elected a professor rected all their powers to con in that college where he him- fute the reasonings, and to overself had been a student. An turn the positions, of this mighty active and penetrating mind opponent. Dr. Reid had alwill at all times discover excel- ready begun the attack, in 1764, lent subjects on which to exer- in his excellent " Inquiry into cise its powers; but this was a the Human Mind;" and Mr. period fruitful in investigation, Beattie published his "Essay on and especially of those subjects the Nature and Immutability of which more particularly belong- Truth, in opposition to Sophised to Mr. Beattie's sphere of try and Scepticism," in the year study in the university. The 1770. The popularity which philosophy of mind was the fa- the Essay on Truth obtained for shionable pursuit, and had been its author, was very extensive; treated by several eminent au- and he received from governthors, and in particular by Mr. ment an annual pension of 2001. Hume. The opinions of this Among his brethren at home writer, and his conclusions on he was highly respected; and the subjects of his research, were whenever he visited London, characterised by a boldness his company was courted by which had seldom been equal-persons of illustrious rank; by led in any country, and never all who were celebrated for liin Scotland. But though Hume's terature, or venerable in the reasonings led to the most bound-church. In the year 1771 apless scepticism, and were so opposite to the sober spirit of thinking previously cherished in Scotland; yet such were the acuteness of his powers, and the

peared the first book of "The Minstrel, or the Progress of Genius," which was followed by the second book in 1774. About this time he was honoured