BOOKS RECEIVED OSSIP-LOURIE. La graphomanie. Paris: Alcan, 1920. Pp. 232. 7 fr. 50. W. STERN & O. WIEGMANN. Methodensammlung zur Intelligenzprüfung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Leipzig: Barth, 1920. Pp. v + 256. Μ. 24. W. MINKUS, W. STERN, H. P. ROLOFF, G. SCHOBER, A. SCHOBER & A. PENKERT. Untersuchungen über die Intelligenz von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Leipzig: Barth, 1919. Pp. iii + 167. Μ. 15.60. W. PETERS. Ueber Vererbung psychicher Fähigkeiten. (Fortsch. d. Psychol. u. ihrer Anwend., 3, 185-382.) Μ. 6.40. W. BROWN & G. H. THOMSON. The Essentials of Mental Measurement. Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1921. Pp. x + 216. J. C. CHAPMAN. Trade Tests: The Scientific Measurement of Trade Proficiency. New York: Holt, 1921. Pp. ix + 435. A. GEMELLI. L'origine delle famiglia. Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 1921. Pp. 133. L. 5. M. DIDE & P. GUIRAUD. Psychiatrie du médicin practicien. Paris: R. H. HINGLEY. Psycho-Analysis. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1922. Pp. vii + 190. G. HARTMAN. The Child and His School. New York: Dutton, 1922. Pp. xiii + 248. $3.00. F. X. DERCUM. An Essay on Physiology of Mind. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1922. Pp. 150. $1.75. F. PIERCE. Our Unconscious Mind and How to Use It. New York: Dutton, 1922. Pp. xi + 323. $3.00. F. KUHLMANN. A Handbook of Mental Tests. Baltimore: Warwick & York, 1922. Pp. 208. B. ERDMANN. Grundzuge der Reproductionspsychologie. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1920. Pp. viii + 186. A. BROUSSEAU. Essai sur la peur aux armées, 1914-1918. Paris: Alcan, 1920. Pp. 162. 6 Fr. 60. F. E. CAROTHERS. Psychological Examinations of College Students. (Arch. of Psychol., No. 46, 1921.) Pp. 82. C. BAUDOUIN. Suggestion and Autosuggestion. (Trans. by E. & C. Paul.) New York: Dodd, Mead, 1921. Pp. 349. J. MAGNUSSEN. God's Smile. (Trans. by D. K. Dodge.) New York: Appleton, 1920. Pp. ix + 185. R. INGALESE. The History and Powers of Mind. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1920. Pp. xxv + 329. E. BOZZANO. Les phénomènes de hantise. (Trad. de l'italien par C. de Vesme: pref. du J. Maxwell.) Paris: Alcan, 1920. Pp. xii + 311. 10 fr. M. DESSOIR. Vom Jenseits der Seele. (3te Aufl.) Stuttgart: Enke, 1919. Pp. xvi + 354. V. SCHRENCK-NOTZING. Phenomena of Materialization. (Trans. by E. E. F. d'Albe.) New York: Dutton, 1920. Pp. xii + 340. $15.00. NOTES AND NEWS DR. WOLFGANG Köhler has been appointed director of the Berlin Psychological Laboratory, to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Professor C. Stumpf. PROFESSOR J. W. BARTON, of the School of Education of the University of Idaho, has been promoted to a full professorship of psychology. DR. W. H. R. RIVERs has been elected a member of the Athenæum Club for "distinguished eminence in science." THE American Association for the Advancement of Science have given the following grants to psychologists: to Professor Raymond Dodge, Wesleyan University, four hundred dollars for the development of an instrument for recording eye movements; to Professor Franklin O. Smith, Johns Hopkins University, three hundred dollars for the purchase of a monochromatic illuminator to be used in research on color vision. PRESIDENT W. D. SCOTT, of Northwestern University, gave the address at the 124th convocation of the University of Chicago on March 21. The title of the address was "Handling Men." We are pleased to announce the appearance of two new journals which will contain articles of interest to psychologists. The Ontario Journal of Neuro-Psychiatry is published by the Department of the Provincial Secretary of the Province of Ontario, at Toronto. The first number contains, among others, articles by C. B. Farrar on "The Genesis of Delusions as Evidenced by the Revival of Spiritism," and by R. G. Armour, on the "Mental State of Hysteria." The Archives of Occupational Therapy is published by the Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, and is edited by W. R. Dunton, Jr., and a group of associates. Ar the University of Chicago summer quarter, first term, Dr. Shepherd Ivory Franz will give courses on abnormal and on physiological psychology. THE first volume of a series of reprints and translations, to be known as Psychology Classics, is in press and will appear shortly. The series is to be edited by Knight Dunlap and published by the Williams and Wilkins Company in Baltimore. The first volume contains a translation, by Miss Istar Haupt, of Lange's monograph on The Emotions, with reprintings of James' article "What is an Emotion?" from Mind and his chapter on "The Emotions" from the Principles of Psychology. In order to facilitate the preparation of further translations and reprints, the royalties from these volumes will be matched by an equal amount by the Williams and Wilkins Company, the fund so constituted to be deposited with the Treasurer of the Johns Hopkins University, and to be applied solely to the defraying of clerical and other necessary expenses of such preparation. The editor requests suggestions concerning future volumes, and coöperation in their production. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DRUGS BY MAX F. MEYER The University of Missouri It is no easy matter to sum up the work on drug effects done during the last decennial period. The difficulty does not result from there being so large a number of studies. The number is not excessive. But it is difficult to summarize because so few of those who report results seem to have conceived their problem in definite terms. In many cases one gets the impression that the author was induced to make an experimental study, not by the conception of a problem, but rather by the fortuitous fact that a certain drug existed. Such studies, unguided by theoretical forethought, are, of course, capable of yielding valuable discoveries. But they are more likely to yield merely some records which their author can give the appearance of having scientific value only by searching in text-book psychology for a chapter heading in traditional terminology fit to receive those records as its children,as when one of our authors reports that bromides reduce "the power of attention." Has that statement any scientific meaning? No reference will be made in the following to articles which in the present writer's judgment interest exclusively a surgeon in quest of health for his patient, or only a physiologist working on problems of the entirely unsocial life of the individual, or only a sociologist arguing for or against drug prohibition. Of the greatest value have been to the writer the previous summaries on drug effects published in the BULLETIN by A. T. Poffenberger in 1914, 1916 and 1917. Many psychologists most naturally are interested especially in the question how those drugs which our social habits tempt us to apply to ourselves increase or diminish our efficiency as workers of whom human society expects a certain output of work and rewards us or punishes us according as we accomplish more or less than is expected of us. It is natural enough that during the last decade alcohol should have interested a larger number of students of the drug problems than any other drug. Prohibition was coming and came. Nevertheless, the psychological studies here reviewed furnish virtually no argument either for or against prohibition. Even if such studies show that a drug makes us weak, it is still an open sociological and moral question if it is not perhaps desirable that at times we should be weak. The chief interest of the psychologist may be summed up in the question whether smaller or larger doses of alcohol during the succeeding moments of time increasingly or decreasingly affect by weakening or strengthening equally or unequally the lower and the higher centers of the nervous system accustomed or unaccustomed to alcohol. To this question we receive the following answers: 1. That the nervous system is the less affected by any given dose of alcohol the more it has previously been subjected to this poison is so generally agreed on by all those who mention this phase of the question, that it is unnecessary to call the witnesses by name. Pierre Janet (13), in connection with this fact, makes a statement, however, which to the present writer seems misplaced. After mentioning the fact, identical with the one just referred to, that "drunkenness" is not a characteristic of the alcoholic, he adds that states of very great "mental depression" are frequent in alcoholics. Asserting now, introspectively, that mental depression is equivalent to "terrible suffering," he makes the following plea: "If we recollect that alcohol rescues alcoholics from terrible suffering, we shall understand that it involves for them temptations that a normal person does not feel." The present writer, who is virtually a lifelong total abstainer, asserts that he also has quite frequently (Maybe he is not normal, but who is?) states of very great "mental depression" due to such causes (other than alcoholism and also mentioned by Janet) as "overwork, too great ambition, struggle." He dares Mr. Janet to prove that the present writer's (introspective) "terrible suffering" is less than the alcoholic's (introspective) "terrible suffering." The only objective difference seems to be that the present writer, |