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tonus," soweit er vom Stirnhirn abhängig ist: Frontalrinde-Sehhügel-Nucleus ruber-Tractus rubrospinalis-Peripherie.

TH. ZIEHEN (Halle a.S.)

77. DONATH, J., Ideeller Masochismus im zarten Kindesalter. Deutsche Z. f. Nervenheilkunde, 1921, 68-69, 257-264.

Fall eines Knaben, bei dem die ersten masochistischen Vorstellungen bald nach dem 4. Lebensjahr im Anschluss an masturbatorische Manipulationen einer Dienstmagd an seinen Genitalien auftauchen.

TH. ZIEHEN (Halle a.S.)

78. ANONYMOUS, Mental Hygiene and the College StudentTwenty Years After. Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 736–740.

The author recalls that forty per cent. of his classmates with whom he was more or less acquainted (representing about seventyfive per cent. of the entire class) suffered from various sorts and degrees of mental disorders. Nine cases of "scratch diagnoses" are described. These considerations, although rough and inadequate, point to the desirability of a mental hygiene for college students.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

79. FULLER, E. W., Extra-institutional Care of Mental Defectives. Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 828-835.

This is a further vindication of the clinic in the care of mental defectives.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

80. POLLOCK, H. M., Eugenics as a Factor in the Prevention of Mental Disease. Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 807–812. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

81. JACOBY, A. L., Mental Hygiene Problems of Maladjusted Children as Seen in a Public Clinic. Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 813-819.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

82. ADLER, H. M., The Function of the Correctional Institution. Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 778-783.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

83. JOHNSON, A. E., What is a "Nervous Breakdown"? Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 784-790.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

84. DOLL, E. A., The Classification of Defective Delinquents. J. of Crim. Law and Crim., 1921, 12, 360–368.

The New Jersey State Hospital was asked to develop a scientific classification of defective delinquents. The classification formulated, together with suggestions as to proper institutional care, are discussed. Six classes are recognized. First are feebleminded stable occasional delinquents. Feeble-mindedness is here primary, defective temperament or environment secondary. Training schools are recommended for trainable members of this class, colonies for industrial adults and custodial institutions for the low grade. Second are feeble-minded, unstable occasional delinquents. Instability is here predominant, low mentality secondary, temperament or environment tertiary. State hospital care is recommended until instability is cured and then an institution for feeble-minded. Third are feeble-minded stable habitual delinquents. Delinquency is predominant, temperament or environment being primary, feeble-mindedness secondary. Correctional institutions are recommended under special segregation until reformed and then an institution for feeble-minded. State hospitals are recommended for the following three classes, in which instability predominates, until cured of instability, and then correctional institutions for reclassification: first, for feeble-minded unstable habitual delinquents, in whose case defective temperament and environment are primary factors; second, for non-feebleminded unstable occasional delinquents; third, for non-feebleminded unstable habitual delinquents. Five types of instability are recognized, for four of which medical treatment is possible: the toxemic, congenitally syphilitic, epileptoid, endocrinopathic and environmental.

R. W. WASHBURN (Boston Psychopathic Hospital)

85. ZIEGLER, L. H., A Study of "X":

Psychometric and Otherwise. Amer. J. of Psychiat., 1921, 1, 199-210.

"X" is a man 32 years old, of a family with no discoverable psychotic or neurotic determinants. He has shown increasing occupational nomadism and made a decidedly poor army adjustment. When urged by his family to assume social relations with

girls, delusions of persecution appeared. He has been in many hospitals on charges of homosexual misconduct or because of persecutory delusions. Whether his sex instinct was congenitally defective or suffered an early traumatism is difficult to say. In three different intelligence tests he made a satisfactory rating, though deficient in detecting absurdities and in designing geometrical figures. Uhrbrock's Moral Judgment Test, which promises to be particularly valuable for psychiatrists, was badly done. His general score was above the median in Downey's Will-Temperament Test but he revealed lack of motor inhibition, care for details and his aggressive make-up. In Pressey's X-O Test of Emotional Reactions, he marked more fear, more self-feeling and more paranoid words than the average. In general, he gave a definitely paranoid reaction and disclosed other emotional defects. The history and the tests, especially those for traits other than general intelligence, support and supplement each other.

A. F. BUCK (Boston Psychopathic Hospital)

86. BOWERS, E. B., The Dangerous Insane. J. of Crim. Law and Crim., 1921, 12, 369–380.

Bowers defines the dangerous insane as comprised of the "insane criminal" who have become insane or whose insanity has been discovered after committal to prison and of the "criminal insane" whom the court has found to be insane at the time when the criminal act was committed or at the trial. Next, he considers the nature of the offenses committed (chiefly crimes against the person) and the characteristics peculiar to this class of offenders from which considerations he adduces conclusive evidence of the necessity of special institutions. He then describes in outline the architecture of the Indiana State Hospital, the management, the state laws pertinent and the effect on the behavior of the inmates of the affiliated State Prison. He concludes by rehearsing the benefits and necessity of such institutions or equivalent provision, which benefits in brief are the protection of society, the protection of other prisoners, the prevention of unwarranted punishment and insurance of suitable care for irresponsible persons, the behavior improvement and the reduction of malingering among inmates of affiliated institutions, and the decrease of pseudo-insanity court cases.

O. GROS KLAUS (Radcliffe)

87. SPAULDING, E. R., Emotional Episodes among Psychopathic Delinquent Women. J. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1921, 54, 298-323.

First:

The purpose of this paper is to show the sources of emotion expressed in the outbursts that were common among patients at the Bedford Reformatory. Much knowledge of the emotional life may be obtained from such episodes, and they may be considered of value as indicators of the keynote of the individual's social maladjustment. In order to illustrate this, six delinquent women, who were subject to episodal attacks, are described in detail. "The types represented by the six patients might be designated in Freudian terminology briefly as archaic, masochistic, narcissistic, infantile and sadistic, and having attributes of Jehovah." Three distinct sources of the emotional outbursts are derived: "that of thwarted desire in not being able to always have their own way and dominate every person with whom they came in contact and each situation that arose." Second: "the interference with some secondary or adaptive mechanism such as screaming, lying, fighting, stealing or running away." Third: "the disclosure, or at least unconscious tapping of initial inferiorities, inadequacies, complexes or failures in development, such as unwillingness or inability to grow up and assume adult responsibilities, detach interest from individual egotism and project it beyond that narrow circle, make necessary adaptations and perhaps accept a place as one in a group without necessarily being its leader."

J. P. CURRIE (Boston Psychopathic Hospital)

88. ANONYMOUs, Epidemic (Lethargic) Encephalitis. A personal experience. J. Amer. Med. Ass., 1922, 78, 407–409.

This is an introspective and self-observational report of a case of sleeping sickness. The writer describes nervous and mental symptoms extending over two months before the acute stage. He was exceedingly nervous, slept irregularly and his mind was quite overactive. At times "my mind raced with thoughts coming and being carried to their conclusion with such speed that the experience was extremely pleasant. These thoughts have stayed with me almost as clearly as though they were last night." Speech as well as thought was abnormally rapid. The three weeks acute stage was spent in a hospital. He was irrational much of the time, and remembers little that occurred.

Following that came a six months convalescence during the first month of which "my memory was an almost absolute blank, and

my past was so hazy that it was impossible for me even to understand why I was living with my family." After the first month, in spite of the most strenuous efforts, I frequently went to sleep. Sleep overwhelmed me during the short street car rides to and from the office. At home it was impossible for me to sit at the table until the meal was finished. I must lie down. At night I could not overcome a fear of I knew not what. I made endless rounds to see that the windows and doors were locked. The nights were terrors for me and I was glad when daylight returned." Convalescence consisted of the gradual subsidence of these symptoms. About nine months after the first nervousness was recognized, and seven months after the beginning of the acute illness, his recovery was practically complete. None of the symptoms of irritability, rapid talking and flightiness, often persisting long after the acute stage of this disease, appeared in this case.

R. H. SYLVESTER (Drake)

10. INDIVIDUAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

89. STARR, A. S., A Day in Court-Problems in Correctional Guidance. Psychol. Clinic, 1922, 13, 256–264.

How a socialized court, dedicated to the ideal that no person should be necessarily handicapped, and that each citizen should give out the best that is in him, works for the fuller realization of its ideal is described by the Psychologist for the Juvenile Division of the Municipal Court of Philadelphia.

M. E. GALLAGHER (Pennsylvania)

90. KENWORTHY, M. E., Extra-medical Services in the Management of Misconduct in Problems in Children. Ment. Hyg., 1921, 5, 724-735.

This is a discussion of the motives of misconduct, especially those traceable to family relations such as an antagonistic attitude on the part of the father, extreme dependence of the child upon the parent, attitude of elder children toward their younger brothers and sisters, the attitude of the mother toward the youngest child (attempt to retain the "baby"), the attempt of the youngest to emulate standards set by older children in the family when mental or physical handicaps prevent such an achievement. There is also discussed the problem of removing the child from his home environ

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