quadrant theory of telencephalic evagination. A brief review can in no way indicate the great detail to which the investigation was carried.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

890. BARTELMEZ, G. W., The Origin of the Otic and Optic Primordia in Man. J. of Comp. Neurol., 1922, 34, 201-232.

The earliest sensory anlage to develop in man is the otic plate, recognizable in an embryo of two to three somites. A four-somite embryo shows the beginning of the associated acousticofacial ganglion, though the fate of this structure, subsequently, is unknown. Between the 10 and 12 somite stages invagination begins and there is a deep otic pit at 16 somites. The "optic-crest primordium" is derived from a fusing of structures along a ridge of isolated growthcenters or thickenings of the cranial neural folds. This appears at 17 and 18 somites, the earliest stage at which the optic anlage has been recognized in a mammal. In man only does the otic precede the optic anlage. Evidence verifies the conclusion that the optic vesicle is derived entirely from the central nervous system.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

891. BLACK, D. O., The Motor Nuclei of the Cerebral Nerves in Phylogeny. A Study of the Phenomena of Neurobiotaxis. IV. Aves. J. of Comp. Neurol., 1922, 34, 233-275.

The first three papers of this series appeared as follows: On fishes, this Journal, 27; the second on amphibia in 28; and the third, on reptilia, in 32. The fifth to seventh motor nuclei are associated in a fashion peculiar to aves. Apparently this is due to the fact that sensory impulses from the trigeminal and facial nerves exert a dominating influence over the facial and trigeminal musculature, thus bringing the motor nerves five to seven in close interrelation. Another peculiar feature in aves is a close association of the glossopharyngeal with the dorsal, motor, vagal nuclei. The ninth and tenth motor nuclei are thus associated together and are located in a neighborhood of the chief sensory centers which reflexly act upon them. These considerations point, the author believes, to Kapper's neurobiotactic law. Nuclei ten to twelve form a motor complex, unique among vertebrates, due to similar reasons. Parrots differ from other birds in having a greater development of the hypoglossal component of this complex. Coincident with this is an exceptional development of intrinsic tongue musculature in parrots. Oculomotor nuclei in birds have differentiated almost to the extent of mammalian development. Certain reptiles show this high degree of differentiation. Thus we have evidence of a ground plan developing within the class from whose prototypes both avian and mammalian forms were evolved. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

892. BURR, H. S., The Early Development of the Cerebral Hemispheres in Amblystoma. J. of Comp. Neurol., 1922, 34, 277302.

This paper furnishes added detailed knowledge concerning the rostral relations of the longitudinal zones in the neural tube; information which has been the subject of controversy since the original suggestions of his about 1890.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

893. KUNTZ, A., Experimental Studies on the Histogenesis of the Sympathetic Nervous System. J. of Comp. Neurol., 1922, 34, 1-36.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

894. RUEDEMANN, R., Further Notes on the Paleontology of Arrested Evolution. Amer. Nat., 1922, 56, 256-272.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

895. WRIGHT, S., Coefficients of Inbreeding and Relationship. Amer. Nat., 1922, 56, 330-338.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

3. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

896. GILLILAND, A. R., and JENSEN, C. R., The Reliability of the Seashore Phonograph Record for the Measurement of Pitch Discrimination. J. of Exper. Psychol., 1922, 5, 214-222.

The scores made by forty-three college students in Seashore's phonographic test for pitch discrimination were compared with the scores obtained by the same students in a test of pitch discrimination in which mounted tuning forks with resonators actuated by pianoforte hammers were used as sources of sound. The latter method yielded results which averaged 7.9 per cent higher than those of the former. Mounted as against unmounted forks showed a 2.5 per cent gain in accuracy. C. C. PRATT (Harvard)

897. WEISS, A. P., Discussion: The Stimulus Error. J. of Exper. Psychol., 1922, 5, 223–226.

Author directs a polemic against Professor Fernberger's article (J. of Exper. Psychol., 1921, 3, 63ff) on the "stimulus error" in which weight discrimination is shown to be a complex perceptual integration of tactual and kinesthetic processes. The writer complains that Fernberger is unfair to behaviorism when he asserts that a purely statistical interpretation of the reaction of weight discrimination is futile, for the computation of a limen for lifted weights as usually discriminated by postoffice clerks and housewives yields data just as valid psychologically as those reactions secured from a graduate student in a psychological laboratory who discriminates attitudes in addition to weights. The implication that a limen secured by an univocal determination of process is the true limen of weight discrimination would be taken seriously by no behaviorist. To the behaviorist such a limen does not represent weight discrimination at all, but merely the ability of a subject to "abstract sensation." The writer regards such an ability as an abnormal supplementary speech reaction of the same nature as illusions and dreams, although admitting that such reactions may be made relatively stable and amenable to systematic investigation.

C. C. PRATT (Harvard)

898. HARTRIDGE, H., A Vindication of the Resonance Hypothesis of Audition. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 142-146. An attack on the Wrightson theory of audition in which the correlation of the physics and perception of the change of a vibrating resonator can be explained by a resonance but not by a displacement theory. S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

899. SCARLETT, H. W., and INGHAM, S. D., Visual Defects Caused by Occipital Lobe Lesions. Arch. of Neurol. and Psychiatry, 1922, 8, 225-246.

The writer begins with a few references to other researches, continues with the clinical pictures presented by the thirteen cases under observation, together with charts of the brain lesions and of the visual fields as obtained by the self-registering perimeter, and draws the following conclusions: (1) Unilateral occipital lesions commonly result in homonymous hemianopsia, the blind field of each eye being limited by an approximately vertical line passing close to the fixation point. (2) Unilateral occipital lesions do not result in a loss of fixation nor the reduction of acuity of central vision of either eye. (3) Central vision is represented in the apexes of the occipital lobe. (4) Unilateral lesions at a distance from the occipital pole may result in approximately symmetrical paracentral scotomas. (5) Visual defects caused by lesions of the occipital lobes are approximately symmetrical but not exactly superimposable. (6) The macula is a central area of high visual acuity, not sharply circumscribed, extending a short distance from the fixation point which probably represents less than one degree in the arc of the visual field. (7) The hypothesis is suggested that a minute overlapping of innervation exists along the entire vertical line, separating the retinal halves. Each half of the macula is thus in relation with the corresponding occipital cortex, and the fixation point, situated on the line of division, possesses bilateral cortical connections.

D. A. MACFARLANE (Boston Psychopathic Hospital)

900. Совв, Р. W., Individual Variations in Retinal Sensitivity, and their Correlation with Ophthalmologic Findings. J. of Exper. Psychol., 1922, 5, 227-246.

Tests for monocular and binocular sensitivity, by a method previously described by the author, were made upon 101 subjects with the view to determine the reliability of the tests and the relation of the results to the findings of ophthalmologic examinations. The records reveal the fact that individual differences exceed the variations of results of any one subject, even after practice has proceeded through four consecutive tests. It appears that there is little, if any, relation between visual defects as found by ophthalmologic examinations and retinal sensitivity, unless the defects are large and numerous. Binocular acuity is dependent chiefly upon the eye of better vision, whereas binocular sensitivity is more dependent on the visual acuity of the eye with poorer vision.

C. C. PRATT (Harvard)

901. HARTRIDGE, H., A Criticism of Wrightson's Hypothesis of Audition. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 248-252. Criticism of one of the essential points of Wrightson's displacement theory of audition, namely, "there are impulse points in any

train of sound vibrations, the time intervals between which approximate closely not only to those occurring in the individual tones which together set the air in vibration, but also to their summation and difference tones."

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

902. GRANIT, A. R., A Study on the Perception of Form. Brit. J. of

Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 223-247.

Experimental investigation of Watt's integrations in the field of visual perception. The figures were exposed 1/10 second by a tachistoscope and were of three sorts: (1) Figures of familiar objects, (2) simple forms without any direct resemblance to familiar objects, and (3) complex figures drawn without any plan. Subjects unpracticed in introspection were used and so the report took the form of a drawing by the subject as well as the verbal report. The number and sorts of associations are tabulated. The author believes that chance plays a very important part in the children's constructions, rough associations of similarity mediating the transition to images that are for some reason or other easily brought to consciousness. In adult, there is usually a method in reproducing the designs and observation is better and the capacity of concentration greater.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

903. COSENS, C. R. G., and HARTRIDGE, H., A Vindication of the Resonance Hypothesis of Audition. IV. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 48-51.

The fact that with pure tones, free from harmonics, change of phase does not audibly affect the quality of the mixed tone is advanced as evidence that harmonic analysis takes place in the ear, such as would be performed by resonators.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

904. HARTRIDGE, H., A Vindication of the Resonance Hypothesis of Audition. V. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 185194.

The author believes that the experimental evidence is in favor of a resonance theory of audition with regard to the following points. The tuning coefficients and persistence coefficients of resonators of different pitch are inversely proportional to one another. The tuning