and persistence coefficients of the ear for the perception of notes of different pitch are inversely proportional and therefore the ear must contain resonators.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

905. BARTLETT, F. C., and MARK, H., A Note on Local Fatigue in the Auditory System. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 215-218.

Flügel had shown that in experiments of binaural localization there is a displacement of the tone if it is preceded by a period of uniaural stimulation. Flügel explains this displacement in terms of local fatigue. The authors point out, on the basis of experimental work, that the situation is much more complicated than this explanation indicates.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

4. FEELING AND EMOTION

906. WALLIS, W. D., Why Do We Laugh? Sci. Monthly, 1922, 15, 343-347.

Laughter is essentially a social phenomenon and social in origin, operating as a means of expressing and maintaining the group standard. Examples from primitive group life show laughter as a means of holding in check tendencies to depart from it; and laughing at our fellow man seems conditional on our recognizing that "he knows better, or ought to."

J. F. DASHIELL (North Carolina)

907. PRIDEAUX, E., Expression of Emotion in Cases of Mental Disorder as Shown by the Psychogalvanic Reflex. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1921, 2, 23-46.

Defining emotion as a "subjective feeling consisting of central excitement and consciousness of visceral sensations," the author believes that the psychogalvanic reflex gives a crude indication of the intensity of emotions. As a result of an experimental study, he finds that there is considerable variation in the same subject due to such causes as fatigue, alcohol and the like. In cases of definite cortical degeneration or maldevelopment, the reflex is very small. The view of James and Janet that the emotions of the hysteric are largely artificial is probably correct.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

908. INMAN, W. S., Emotion and Eye Symptoms. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1921, 2, 47-64.

Clinical study of cases of glaucoma, unequal pupils, watering of the eyes, squint and the like which seemed to be associated with or caused by emotional stress.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

909. SMITH, W. W., A Note on the Use of the Psychogalvanic Reflex. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 282-288.

One difficulty in the use of the psychogalvanic reflex is that of making comparable with one another the reactions observed in different subjects and on different occasions. The question of correction to compensate for variations in the initial resistance of the skin is discussed.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

910. NONY, C., The Biological and Social Significance of the Expression of the Emotions. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 76-91.

Speculative article starting with a classification of emotions on the basis of expression with emphasis on the secretions. The social and biological significance of these expressions are noted. It is argued that all this applies equally well to a theory of the origin of language. Language must be formed by the continuation of the evolution of the expression of the emotions from the biological to the social. The emotional mimicry empties itself more and more of its affective contents and becomes a mere symbol-the language of gestures. On the other hand, the emotional reactions specializing in cry, which itself became intelligent and more and more complicated, developed into spoken language.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

911. RIVERS, W. H. R., TANSLEY, A. G., SHAND, A. F., PEAR, T. H., HART, B., MYERS, C. S., The Relations of Complex and Sentiment. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 107-148. Symposium by members of the British Psychological Association. A series of attempts to define these two terms.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

912. SHAND, A. F., Suspicion. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 195-214.

Article written in 1916 during the war. An attempt to analyze the attitude of suspicion. Suspicion tends to destroy social intercourse and the wider it spreads the more it paralyzes the life of the community. It also tends to prevent our being taken by surprise on the approach of danger by rendering us prepared in advance to adopt, at the right moment, the right action. The author believes that it has an emotional basis. The analysis of this emotional aspect is attempted. S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

5. MOTOR PHENOMENA AND ACTION

913. CASON, H., The Conditioned Eyelid Reaction. J. of Exper. Psychol., 1922, 5, 153–196.

Since the eyelid reaction may be controlled voluntarily to some extent, the speed with which a subject was able to wink in response to an auditory stimulus was compared with the time which elapsed between the reception of a conditioning stimulus and the resultant eyelid reflex, the assumption being that if the time of the latter is faster than the former, one is in the presence of a reaction not voluntarily controlled. The time was measured with a Bergström chronoscope which was electrically connected with a thin aluminum lever attached to the observer's eyelid. The fundamental stimulus consisted of a current from an induction coil applied to a branch of the third cranial nerve in such a manner as to bring out most effectively the lid reflex; the click of a relay served as an auditory conditioning stimulus. The data used in working up the results were obtained from measurements of the speed of winking to the shock, with and without the auditory stimulus, and to the auditory stimulus with the shock eliminated, both before and after the training period. With most subjects it was possible to secure conditioned reflexes of the eyelid to sound which were considerably faster than voluntary reactions. For one subject, e.g., the average voluntary reaction time was 263.6 sigma, whereas the conditioned reaction time was 144.3 sigma. The experimental procedure indicated that the intensity of a sound used for a conditioning stimulus should be just below the threshold of the natural reflex wink at the beginning of the training period. There is some evidence for believing that a reflex cannot be established when the conditioning stimulus comes after the fundamental stimulus. C. C. PRATT (Harvard)

914. MORGAN, C. L., Instinctive Behavior and Enjoyment. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 1-30.

It is assumed that instinctive behavior has an inner aspect of instinctive enjoyment or, in other words, it is conscious behavior with which the author deals. In the study of animal life there are very few instances where the behavior is entirely instinctive, i.e., in which part of the reaction has not been learned by the individual. Instinctive knowledge and instinctive prevision are, however, inferences in the opinion of the author. The relation of instinct to intelligence in the individual and in the race is discussed. Disposition does, however, occur and this is in the nature of preparedness. In the final section, various questions are raised and answered in an effort to find the place of instinct in the evolutionary story of life and of consciousness.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

915. LAVIN, C. R., A Preliminary Study of the Reproduction of Hand Movements. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 47-52.

The movements were learned and reproduced with right and left hands and with the eyes both open and closed. It was found that in the beginning all of the subjects attended to the form of the movement rather than to its extent. The points of movement most speedily and accurately learned were the beginning and end and wherever sharp changes of direction occurred. If the eyes were closed during learning or reproduction or both the learning was retarded. Different forms of hand movement were very readily coalesced or "condensed." Guiding the subject's hand during the learning retarded the acquisition. The use of right or left hand does not affect the rate of learning. The most favorable methods of learning and the time relations of learning and reproduction are discussed. Learning and reproducing with eyes closed showed a striking diminution of the size of the reproduction. General suggestions are given.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

916. BROWN, W. L., The Influence of the Endocrines in the Psychoneuroses. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1921, 2, 1-12.

The hormone theory at one time tended to an undue depreciation of the importance of the nervous control of the body. The primitive nervous system was evolved for defensive purposes, and the sympathetic nervous system retains primitive features both structurally and functionally. There is a close association between the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine glands as defensive mechanisms, and their action is reciprocal. The endocrines, gonads and sympathetic nervous system form a basic tripod entrusted with the defense of the individual and the continuity of the species. Endocrine glands may be influenced by toxic, nutritional and psychic factors, so that they may, alike, cause or be affected by a psychoneurosis.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

917. PEAR, T. H., The Intellectual Respectability of Muscular Skill. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 163-180.

Kinesthesis has usually been classed with the lower senses and has not come in for much respect from the intellectuals. Individual differences in kinesthetic imagery are great. But this is true of all of the other modalities and people who possess a predominant kind of imagery are usually intolerant of others. For many individuals kinesthetic experiences recur in other modalities. A language describing movement is very difficult because most human movements are so very complicated, rapid and individually different. The slowed-up motion pictures are of great assistance in this study. But an improvement of the social and intellectual status of kinesthetic knowledge is noticeable.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

918. CANNON, W. B., New Evidence for Sympathetic Control of Some Internal Secretions. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 15-30.

From the experimental evidence presented the conclusion is drawn that secretion of adrenin is evoked by asphyxia, by reflex stimulation and by emotional excitement, in an amount capable of influencing the viscera just as they are influenced by sympathetic nerve impulses. Sympathetic stimulation evokes from the liver not only a discharge of sugar but also a discharge of some elaborated unknown substance which has both cardio-accelerator and pressor effects. Electrical, vascular, and cardiac evidence coincide in pointing to a control of the thyroid through the sympathetic glands of the neck. The center controlling the adrenal medulla has been found, by experimentation, to be situated in the upper edge of the fourth ventricle-in the archaic