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933. Muscio, B., Feeling-Tone in Industry. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 150-162.

Attempt to determine whether or not the fatigue feelings of a group of individuals varies during the day. Such variation was found and the curves of diurnal variation corresponding certain striking ways to common industrial output curves. Hence these feelings of fatigue may be a very important factor in normal work.

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934. SUTHERLAND, A. H., Correcting School Disabilities in Reading. Elem. Sch. J., 1922, 23, 37-43.

A description of several forms of backwardness in reading found among children together with a program of remedial measures. A. I. GATES (Columbia)

935. FEASEY, L., Some Experiments on Aesthetics. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 253–272.

Investigation to determine whether or not the basis of the aesthetic judgment is emotional. The psychogalvanic reflex was used to measure the emotional reaction. Simple rectangles and arrangements of geometrical figures were used as stimuli. The author found that the order of preference for colored rectangles differs markedly from that for uncolored, and also for surface rectangles substituted for outlines. The Golden Section holds a high place where the rectangles are uncolored. Bullough and Myers' four "perceptive types" were found in this experiment also. If the subject had the attitude of regarding the rectangles merely as formal arrangements of figures, they obtained a different result than when they had the attitude of regarding them as representations of objects or scenes. The attitude in each particular case was determined by both objective and subjective factors.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

936. MYERS, C. S., Individual Differences in Listening to Music.

Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 52-71.

Continuation of a former study in which tuning fork tones were used as stimuli. In the present study a phonograph was employed and classical records played. Introspections were taken at the end of each record. For those most trained in music, an objective or technical attitude was present. For the less trained subjects, the

introsubjective and associative aspects were more pronounced. The subject's character was important in determining the associations and feelings which would appear. The importance of these phases in the appreciation of music is discussed.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

937. BAILEY, P., A Contribution to the Mental Pathology of Races in the United States. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 370-391.

A study of about 70,000 draft cases who were found mentally pathological in some way. Diagnoses were distributed as follows: around 31 per cent mentally deficient, 16 per cent psychoneurotic, 11 per cent psychoses, 10 per cent nervous diseases and injuries, 9 per cent constitutional psychopathic states, 9 per cent epilepsy, 7 per cent endocrinopathies, 3 per cent drug addicts, 2.7 per cent alcoholism. There follow several very interesting tables showing the relative data on the States of the Union which exceeded the average in mental deficiency; others showing the distribution of different mental diseases among 15 classified races.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

938. GOLDBERG, J. A., Incidence of Insanity Among Jews. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 598-602.

R. H. WHEELER (Oregon)

8. SPECIAL MENTAL CONDITIONS

939. SUMNER, F. C., Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler. Ped. Sem., 1922, 29, 139-168.

Every individual is duplex, with varying degrees of both masculine and feminine traits, possibly depending upon relative preponderance of masculine and feminine internal glands. On this basis, it is claimed that biologically and psychologically individuals fall into four types, M-f, m-F, f-M, F-m; and an elaborate list of corresponding psychic traits is offered. A study of the Freudian and Adlerian doctrines shows an extreme difference of fundamental type along these lines; the former being feminine, emphasizing the sex motive, womb, infantilism, repression, the unconscious, etc., the latter being masculine, emphasizing the will-to-power, compensation, securitytendency, the conscious, etc. It is claimed that the writings of Freud

and Adler include evidences of definite femininity and masculinity in their respective personalities.

J. F. DASHIELL (North Carolina)

940. DUNLAP, K., Reading of Character from External Signs. Sci. Monthly, 1922, 15, 153–165.

The unfortunate effects of superficial work in the field of intelligence tests and the inadequacy of any tests of moral and emotional traits is made clear. Phrenology is referred to, and the various systems of character analysis by physiognomic details and patterns are shown to have no foundation in any biological scientific knowledge and to overlook the simplest rules of statistics and evidence. The financial success of promulgators of such systems is due to the usual lack of a checking up of some surprisingly good guesses by a few, which latter are explicable as analogous to many human judgments based on cues present but unrecognized.

J. F. DASHIELL (North Carolina)

941. PRINCE, M., An Experimental Study of the Mechanism of Hallucinations. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 165-208.

By use of inducing hallucinations, by hypnotic methods, by subconscious automatic writing, the author studies the mechanism of hallucinations. There are types of visual and auditory hallucinations in which the imagery has its source in a dissociated mental process in which the subject is not consciously aware. It is due to the emergence into consciousness of the previously subconscious images. Hallucinations in the insane seem to be identical to this sort induced experimentally. The implications of this view for the study of the psychoneuroses is pointed out.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

942. YOUNG, J., Two Cases of War Neurosis. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 230-236.

Description of a case of a "schemer" and of a case of anxiety neurosis. Dreams are described and prognosis and therapeutic methods given.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

943. SMITH, W. W., Experiments on the Association Test as a Criterion of Individuality. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 121-130.

The experiments were performed to ascertain whether and to what extent, the distribution of affective tone evoked in the course of a word-association experiment is uniquely characteristic of the subject concerned. The author finds that individuals show marked and characteristic differences in the reactions they give to a suitably selected list of words. Under the conditions, individuals correlate with themselves much more highly than they do with each other. The importance of these findings are indicated.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

944. HINKLE, B. M., The Spiritual Significance of Psychoanalysis. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 209-229.

The author shows that in psychoanalysis we have a method which has the power of awakening in the individual the very subjective experiences which are called spiritual, and which make for the kind of psychic growth and development that religion in all ages has aimed at calling forth.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

945. RIVERS, W. H. R., Methods of Dream-Analysis. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 101-108.

It has been shown that the content as well as the analysis of a dream depends on the conditions under which the dream is obtained and also upon the theory of analysis in the mind of the dreamer. Rivers describes his method of self-analysis during a waking state in which he is able to think very clearly. The association method of analysis is criticised.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

946. FITZGERALD, G. H., Some Aspects of the War Neurosis. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 109–120.

An article from the psychoanalytic point of view. The various kinds of war neuroses and their treatment and prognosis are discussed.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

947. JUNG, C. G., The Question of the Therapeutic Value of "Abreaction." Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1921, 2, 13–22. Emphasis of the traumatic aetiology of neuroses which has been brought particularly to the fore by the cases of "war neuroses." Advocates a return to the Breuer-Freud therapeutic methods as well as to their theories.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

948. LONG, C., Mary Rose. A Study of the Infantile Personality. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1921, 2, 68-80.

Analysis of Barrie's play Mary Rose from the psychoanalytic point of view. "Thus in the drama of Mary Rose the complete cycle of the problem of the infantile personality is put before us; nor, in my opinion, is the solution withheld."

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

949. AVELING, F., AND HARGREAVES, H. L., Suggestibility With and Without Prestige in Children. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 53-75.

The following tests of suggestion were used: hand rigidity, by progressive lines, illusion of warmth, hand levitation by progressive weights, fidelity of report, and line lengths. Suggestion arises out of the total environment and conditions to which the subject is exposed. The suggestion may be either of a personal or impersonal sort. In cases of personal suggestion a negative response, owing to the development of contra-suggestion, is frequent. In cases of impersonal suggestion contra-suggestion is not so frequently aroused. There is evidence which points to a general factor of suggestibility complicated by group factors. General suggestibility is greatly modified by the specific conditions and elements of the whole situation, which vary in individual cases, according to experience of it and knowledge about it. There does not seem to be any correlation between suggestibility and other general factors such as general intelligence, perseveration, oscillation, motor dexterity and common

sense.

S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania)

950. RIVERS, W. H. R., Affect in the Dream. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1921, 12, 113–124.

The author believes that dreams are attempts to solve in sleep conflicts of the waking life and that these attempts are of a more or

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