less infantile kind since in sleep only the earlier levels of mental functioning are active. Transformation has the effect to abolish or diminish the affective aspect of the conflict. When there is no transformation there is affect in the dream. This affect is painful when the conflict fails to satisfy the most prominent wishes of the dreamer and is pleasant when these wishes are satisfied. But in the majority of dreams the affective element is slight or absent because the struggle is transformed and the solution of the conflict is only of a symbolic kind. Rivers disagrees with the Freudian concept of the censorship as necessary to explain this transformation. S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania) 951. STURT, M., A Note on Some Dreams of a Normal Person. Brit. J. of Psychol., Gen. Sec., 1922, 13, 149-156. Report in full of a series of dreams of a normal person. These dreams are of interest because she was fully aware of the conflict with which she was struggling. S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania) 952. Тном, D. A., AND SINGER, H. D., The Care of Neuropsychiatric Disabilities Among Ex-service Men. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 23-38. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 953. BAILEY, P., State Care, Training and Education of Mental Defectives. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 57-67. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 954. MATTHEWS, M. A., One Hundred Institutionally Trained Male Defectives in the Community under supervision. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 332-342. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 955. Ѕсотт, A., Three Hundred Psychiatric Examinations Made at the Women's Day Court, New York City. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 343-369. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 956. PRATT, G. K., The Problem of the Mental Misfit in Industry. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 526-538. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 957. BINGHAM, T. A., The Psychiatric Work of the New York Probation and Protective Association. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 539-574. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 958. MASSONNEAU, G., A Social Analysis of a Group of Psychoneurotic Ex-service Men. Ment. Hyg., 1922, 6, 575-591. R. H. WHEELER (Oregon) 9. NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISORDERS 959. KRAEPELIN, E., Ends and Means of Psychiatric Research. J. of Ment. Sci., 1922, 68, 115–143. The author gives a brief sketch of the founding of the German Institute for Psychiatric Research. He points out the need for such an institution at the present time and the fact that science is ready at this time to make contributions which could not have been made at an earlier period. He shows that attention has been directed primarily to the studying and classifying of symptoms of mental disease but that little progress, with one or two exceptions, has been made in discovering specific causes of mental disorders. The problems for investigation in the field of psychiatric research are complex in themselves and additionally difficult because of the fact that it is so nearly impossible to experiment with the brain of a living human subject. Furthermore, much psychological experimentation is needed on normal subjects to determine more clearly definite relations between brain function and mental expression. Problems in this field are important for the very progress of our civilization favors the appearance of morbid mental phenomena. Our civilization opposes the laws of natural selection by which the fittest alone survive and propagate and an ever-widening stream of inferior stock mixes itself with our offspring to the deterioration of the race. There is a question also whether the higher culture of a people may not itself directly favor the appearance of morbid mental phenomena. Hitherto, a handful of experimenters in clinics and asylums in the midst of harassing daily tasks, found leisure for research. They had at their disposal insufficient space, slender means, and inadequate material and equipment. In all these directions the establishment and expected completion of the German Institute for Psychiatric Research will effect a change. R. E. LEAMING (Pennsylvania) 960. BURT, C., Note on the Mental After-Effects of Sleeping Sickness in School Children. Brit. J. of Psychol., Med. Sec., 1922, 2, 237-238. Permanent effects, either physical or mental, are noted in 75% of the cases. The mental effects seem to be more significant. Children, after the disease seem to be frequently converted into mental or temperamental defectives. The eventual condition seems to depend on the severity of illness and on the age of the child when attacked. S. W. FERNBERGER (Pennsylvania) 961. BARRETT, А. М., The Broadened Interests of Psychiatry. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 1-13. Psychiatry has gained the position of a liaison science between medicine and social problems." Its increasing scope brings increasing responsibility. Educationally it involves "bringing to public attention information that will make possible an appreciation of what produces disordered mental states and what measures can be taken to assure healthy mental development of mind and character. Psychiatric services should be included among other services in general hospitals. Facilities for psychiatric examination and treatment should be made readily available by increasing out-patient departments and traveling clinics. There is need of adequate psychiatric instruction in medical schools, and organized programs of research should be extended by institutions and individuals. The importance of affective influences and personality traits in behavior abnormalities should be emphasized that the present overemphasis of purely intelligence deficiencies may be properly checked. J. WALKER (Boston Psychopathic Hospital) 962. ROSANOFF, A. J., Costs of a Social Service Department of a State Hospital vs. Economies Effected Thereby. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 49-51. The daily average number of patients on parole from the King's Park State Hospital for the year ending June 30, 1919, before the present large social service department was organized was 304; during the year ending June 30, 1921, after such organization, it was 669, showing an increase of 365. If the increased costs of the social service department ($9,914.54) is subtracted from 365 times the per capita cost of maintenance of patients for the year ending June, 1921, " ($379.53), we find the net saving, accomplished with the aid of that department during the year in question to be $128,613.91." J. WALKER (Boston Psychopathic Hospital) 963. WELLS, L. F., AND KELLEY, C. M., The Simple Reaction in Psychosis. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 53-59. The article covers briefly the results of simple reaction time experiments in psychotics and presents original data on 37 cases which are distributed according to diagnosis as six manic-depressive excitements, seventeen manic-depressive depressions, five dementia precox, four general paralysis, one organic cerebral disease, four unclassified. These experiments accord with previous work in finding reaction times generally lengthened in psychosis. Individual differences are increased save in the schizophrenic group. The manic-depressive group alone shows a normally small amount of fluctuation of attention to the reaction process. The dementia precox group has a smaller sound-light ratio, the general paralytic group a larger soundlight ratio than the normal, to which the manic-depressive group closely approximates. In general, while normal performances in these functions are to be found individually under any diagnosis, markedly abnormal performances are more characteristic of malign conditions. J. WALKER (Boston Psychopathic Hospital) 964. BATES, M., An Experiment with Simple Tests for the Insane. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 61-65. This is a preliminary report of 40 patients of the Worcester State Hospital who are to be reëxamined in four or five years that a comparison of their present performance on certain intelligence tests may be had. They have been selected as "having if not a slight hope of recovery at least some prospect of doing useful work about the institution." The tests used are discussed and various correlations between specific tests and age, types of disorder and attitude are stated in general terms. J. WALKER (Boston Psychopathic Hospital) 965. ALFORD, L. B., A Defective Mental Makeup and the Pernicious Forms of Torticollis, Tinnitus, Neuralgia and Pruritus. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 67-74. The author states that the object of this communication is to indicate that the pernicious forms of tinnitus aurium and pruritus of the anogenital region, spasmodic torticollis and trigeminal neuralgia may be similar in nature and to give the reason for this similarity. It is pointed out that with certain apparent exceptions they are alike as to age of onset, course, resistence to treatment, predominance of one symptom in clinical picture and central nervous origin. Gray's conception of a degenerative defect limited to a biological and physiological unit offers the best explanation of the pathogenesis of these forms of neurosis and gives the reason for their similarity. J. WALKER (Boston Psychopathic Hospital) 966. READ, C., AND ROTMAN, D. B., Study of Institutional Escapes. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 75-86. Data concerning the age, birth, civil status, family ties, occupation, personal makeup, alcoholism, psychosis, length of time in the hospital before escape, mental condition and antisocial tendencies of 241 escapes from the Chicago State Hospital are presented by the writers. A composite picture is presented as follows: A man in the third or fourth decade; very possibly a foreigner; most probably a single man or one free from compelling family ties and rather given to alcoholic indulgence. The chances are that he would be a subsided case of dementia precox, a recovered or improved alcoholic, a rebellious paretic, or an improved case of "individual reaction" type. Only one time out of 20 would he be feebleminded and practically never a sexual pervert with criminal tendencies. He may have made prior escapes, but not more than one or two if he is to succeed in remaining out of the institution. J. WALKER (Boston Psychopathic Hospital) 967. MYERSON, A., Anhedonia. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 1922, 2, 87-103. Desire is fundamentally "an uneasiness brought about by coenesthetic tensions." "Anhedonia seems to be a kind of organic anaesthesia-a dropping out from consciousness of desire and satisfaction," and is characterized by a disappearance of energy feeling. The individual is susceptible to diffuse excitement which tends to have a disturbing and painful effect. The loss of the feeling of energy and the loss of the desire for food, drink and sex satisfaction has many causes. It occurs in post-infection conditions (typical after influenza) following surgical operations and pregnancy, during menopause in women and the involution period in the male. It occurs when purposes are blocked. "The most characteristic cases of anhedonia are seen as preliminary and early stages of mental disease." There are |