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Scott at the Phillips sale, and formerly
belonged to Hugh, Viscount Cholmondeley, of
Kells, in Ireland, who was born about 1663,
succeeded as viscount in 1681, and was created
Earl of Cholmondeley on 29 December, 1706.
He died 18 January, 1725. The armorial
book plate in the volume describes him as
Viscount Cholmondeley, so it may be presumed
that he owned it prior to 1706, when he
became an earl. Mr. Scott possesses
MS. of David Moysie's 'Memoirs' which has
the same book-plate of Viscount Cholmondeley.
It would therefore appear that he was a
collector of Scottish MSS. Can any of your
readers inform me how this English nobleman
became a collector of Scottish MSS., and how
he acquired these two MSS.?

E. J. J. MACKAY.

a

"BULLY."-This week a hockey match was played in aid of the Reservist Fund at Aberdare, and on the ticket of admission I find the following: "Bully off by David Hughes, High Constable, at 3 P.M. punctually." Is this meaning of the word bully to give the first push to the ball a usual one? It is not given in 'H.E.D.' D. M. R.

through th' wayter for, when tha' knows I'm witchelt?" Is the word still in use in any part of England, and is there any standard or dialect word of similar meaning to which it is related? CHARLES J. BULLOCK.

Beplies.

OLIVER CROMWELL AND MUSIC. (9th S. iii. 341, 417, 491; iv. 151, 189, 276, 310, 401, 499.)

MR. DAVEY makes fresh assertions which prove his want of knowledge of the subject under discussion. In defence of his unwarranted aspersion of organ accompaniment before the Civil War, he speaks of the Mulliner MS. as one proof. He forgets to tell us where the MS. is; fortunately I can do so with a very certain knowledge, having purchased it at Rimbault's sale for 841., and having subsequently handed it over to the British Museum, where it can be seen (No. 30,513). That book contains a variety of compositions, including the well-known madrigal "In going to my naked bed," by Edwardes, but has no organ accompaniment of any kind. Next, MR. DAVEY asserts that the organist of the Chapel Royal "possessed an old printed score of the well-known service by Orlando Gibbons, as played by Gibbons himself, full of meaningless embellishments." The identical copy possessed by the organist of the Chapel Royal is lying before me; it is merely an organ part, not a score, and was privately published by Mr. Stainer (now Sir John) in 1864; it was copied from a manuIn his entertaining 'Voyage au Pays des Mines d'Or,' by the MS. nor the printed copy has a single script in Magdalen College, Oxford. Neither Raymond Auzias - Turenne, recently pub-word suggesting that it was so performed by lished, the adventurous author writes as follows (p. 114) :-

["Bully" is the opening of play by the crossing of sticks by two players before hitting the ball. The use seems similar to "bully," the scrimmage in Eton football, duly given in 'H.E.D.']

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DANDY'S GATE. What is known of Dandy's Gate, an old toll in Bermondsey? Possibly so named from the family or individual who farmed it. Any details will oblige. A. H.

"THE BEURRÉ.".

"Rares sont les Anglais, quoiqu'ils fussent en grand nombre au pied du Chilkoot. Les trois quarts sont retournés au confort du sweet home et La Bible avec du thé beurré."

What is the meaning of "thé beurré"?

Timperley.

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T. P. ARMSTRONG.

["Une beurrée une tranche de pain sur laquelle on a étendu du beurre." Does this help?] "WITCHELT=ILL-SHOD.-I am told by an elderly resident in South-East Lancashire that this word was in use there early in the century. It is related that an old man who travelled on a donkey from village to village (selling blacking, I think) was on one occasion taken through a pool of water, wetting the old man's feet, whereupon he exclaimed to his donkey: "What does tha' tak' me

Gibbons; but fortunately the MS. explains what the music so arranged was intended for. The headings or indexing in the MS. read as follows: "Tallis in D, organ part varied"; "Te Deum, Mr. Tallis, with variations for the organ"; "Te Deum, Mr. Orlando Gibbons, in F fa ut, varied for the organ." Dr. Hopkins, in Grove's 'Dictionary,' says:

"There is little doubt therefore that the versions under notice were not intended as accompaniments at all, but were variations or adaptations like the popular Transcriptions' of the present day, and made for separate use; that tion of the matter receives confirmation from the use being doubtless as Voluntaries. This explanafact that a second old and more legitimate organ part of those is also extant, for which no ostensible use would have existed, if not to accompany the voices."

I shall not follow MR. DAVEY's excursion into the field of Coloratur or of German

singing-ornamentation that does not affect character as would be looked for from him. the question of organ accompaniment. MR. I have also, by the gift of a friend, a fine DAVEY is anxious to learn when psalm-india-proof impression of his book-plate, singing became general, and says there is engraved by H. S. Storer, giving an interior no warrant for it in the liturgy. The view of the City Library. In 1844 he pubBodleian Library possesses the following lished an edition of Sir T. Browne's 'Religio book, published in 1566: "The whole Booke Medici' and 'Christian Morals,' and a short of Psalmes collected into English Metre by biographical notice of him is consequently Sternhold......Newlye set foorth and allowed given by Dr. Greenhill in his most scholarly to be soong of the people together, in and complete edition, published in 1881, Churches, before and after Morning and where it is stated that Peach was born in Evening prayer: as also before and after 1785 and died in 1861. W. D. MACRAY. the Sermon, and moreover in private houses." Another edition, dated 1667, contains the words "Newly set forth and allowed to be song in all Churches."

"To PRIEST" (9th S. iv. 514).-I have constantly heard the word "priested" used by clergymen in Warwickshire. H. K.

دو

Many generations of clergy have used the word "priested" in the way which seems novelty to your correspondent. To "bishop was used in an analogous sense so far back as Latimer. See-what ought to have been seen-the 'H.E.D.' W. C. B.

Is not MR. MARCHANT too sensitive? If "bishoped" (Herrick) and "bishoping" (Ant. Trollope), why not "deaconed "and" priested"? All three verbs are certainly in use and are found in big dictionaries. C. S. WARD. Wootton St. Lawrence, Basingstoke.

I quoted plenty of evidence of the destruction of cathedral organs, and wait for proof of their smallness and adaptability for a taverns. I again ask the name of the French traveller relied on by MR. DAVEY in support of his opinion. The specimens of old organ cases still existing do not lend colour to the notion. The beautiful case in old Radnor Parish Church I have seen, and can vouch that it is far too big for erection in a tavern. Let me add to the list of organs destroyed that of Wrexham Church, a building at present attracting considerable attention. A Gazeteer of England and Wales,' 'PICKWICKIAN STUDIES' (9th S. iv. 492, 525). temp. Charles II., says: "At Wrexham is y-The corrections on p. 493 still need correcrarest steeple in ye 3 nations, and hath had tion. Mr. Fitzgerald is perfectly right in ye fayrest organes in Europe, till ye late wars in Charles y Ist his raigne. Whose Parlia- talking of the blue turban of Mrs. Nupkins. ment forces pulled him and them downe with Dickens only made it red later, as MR. MARSHALL will see if he looks at an edition of 1837, or the "Rochester Edition" of 1899

other ceremonial ornaments." Will MR.

DAVEY tell us where his lists of published

music are to be seen?

WILLIAM H. CUMMINGS.

'AN APOLOGY FOR CATHEDRAL SERVICE' (9th S. iv. 419, 523).--This charming book— charming to all who rightly appreciate English cathedral worship-was written by John Peach, librarian of the Bristol City Library. In one of the catalogues of J. Russell Smith it may be found wrongly ascribed to Richard Clark, lay vicar-choral of Westminster Abbey. I had the pleasure in 1846 of meeting Mr. Peach at Bristol, and of being shown over the library by him. He was a man of much reading and great taste, with many old-world ideas, and much dislike of new-world inventions, however useful. In my copy of his delightful book I have inserted a four-page leaflet which he gave me, A New Year's Gift to the Choristers of Bristol Cathedral,' signed “A Friend to Young Choristers," which he issued on 1 January, 1840, and which is such in its devout

(Methuen & Co.), just published. Is it sufficient to explain that Sam Weller was called one of Frederick William's big grenadiers? Hardly, perhaps ; but this is all that the "explanation" offered comes to. HIPPOCLIDES.

BOXING DAY (9th S. iv. 477).—Among seven examples in the O.E. Pottery Department of the British Museum of the medieval globular earthenware thrift-box only one is unfractured. It is with exceeding rarity that one is encountered on the London mediæval "level" by the spade of the excavator, and when one is found it is almost certain to be found fractured, a condition in which it was necessary to place it to realize its contents. When such a receptacle was put to the use of collecting small presents for Christinas, this money-pot was a "Christmas-box," and the contents were spent, or begun to be spent, on Boxing Day, Aubrey, in his Natural History of Wiltshire' (circa 1670), speaks of a pot in which Roman denarii were found as resembling in appearance an

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POLKINGHORN (9th S. iv. 108, 214, 311, 461). -In reply to MR. HARRISON, Kinghorn is a most uncommon name in Cornwall. Dr. Bannister's Glossary' of some 20,000 Cornish names-a fairly complete list it must be admitted-does not give it. I have noted since my last communication that, besides the Polkinghorns in Gwinear, there is one in Perranarworthal, and also downs of that name near Gulval. Treganhorne in St. Erth, and Linkinhorne (Lan Tigherne according to the Rev. S. Baring-Gould), a parish in East Cornwall, are similar in their endings.

J. HAMBLEY ROWE.

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SWANSEA ITS DERIVATION (9th S. i. 43, 98, 148, 194, 370, 433, 496; iii. 470; iv. 37, 110, 230, 407).-I venture the opinion that COL. MORGAN, in his last note, has lamentably failed to disprove the arguments or facts in the previous reference. One may be pardoned for being a little surprised at this, because, had he confidence in his theory, or a wish for it to carry any weight, he ought to have proved, step by step, the fallacy, if it existed, of the statements upon which my charge against his hypothesis was based. It is, however, clear it would be a waste of valuable to continue the subject until at least the COLONEL has properly arranged his forces, if in existence, fairly to meet, if not de: molish, in detail and wholly, what has been placed in opposition to him. Until he does so I am entitled to deduce from his last reply that he has a very weak case, the more so when he takes upon himself to assert that I made statements which have no foundation in fact, and generally unintentionally no doubt-distorts what I did write. A few illustrations will suffice. I did not say anything so stupid as that the "castle of Llangennith" was omitted from the list because it belonged to the De la Mares," but clearly proved that the fact of

this castle being named as belonging to this family was a sufficient demonstration of its having existed. Again, the COLONEL asserts that I" now admit that Senghenyd in the sixteenth century was mulcted of its penultimate." I never denied or admitted anything of the kind, but, on the contrary, specially named this as his "conclusion." I did not write anything disclosing a "difficulty" with regard to Prince Llewelyn, &c. The difficulty, if it exists, must rest with the COLONEL, if he says Breos gave the castle to Llewelyn. Then he has much to clear up in Caradoc's history of the transaction, not to mention anything else. One example: "Prince Llewelyn was too good-natured to reject his (Bruce's) submission, and so did not only receive him to his favour, but bestowed upon him also the castle of Senghenny th." How this passage becomes "intelligible" to the COLONEL by making De Breos bestow the castle on the prince passes my comprehension, and will doubtless be read with considerable surprise. I cannot help observing it would have been to the purpose had the COLONEL confined his attention more to what was written than to what I did not say or "think." The latter would be difficult for even a professional thought-reader to divine. I need only add I do not intend reverting to the subject till the COLONEL has categorically disposed of what has been written at 9th S. iv. 230 by me. ALFRED CHAS. JONAS.

MR. M. L. BRESLAR is mistaken, and MR. SHEPHERDESS WALK (9th S. iv. 306, 424).J. W. M. GIBBS perfectly accurate in his recollections. When I was a schoolboy resident in High Street, Islington, in the late forties, Shepherdess Walk and Shepherdess Fields We certainly were very much in evidence. known "Shepheard's" since then at Cairo). never called them "Shepherd's" (I have The correct name

seems to stick to the

locality. The current number of the 'Post Office Guide,' for instance, defines the place as "Shepherdess Walk, Hoxton, N." HARRY HEMS.

Fair Park, Exeter.

HAWKWOOD (9th S. iv. 454).-In thanking MR. I. C. GOULD for his kind communication, I may be permitted to mention that I was fully acquainted with the statement that the tradition of Sir John Hawk wood, whom contemporary writers call Aucud or Agutus, having been a tailor probably originated in Italy from a corruption of his name, which Matteo Villani spells Gianni della Guglia ("John of the Needle"). However, I beg to direct attention to what Henry Hallam has

was built, and which is full of interesting
associations. Perhaps here I may be told
that I am inaccurate, for the Westminster
Vestry will, I understand, be actually respon-
sible for the alteration, though the County
Council is the head that instigates the arm to
do the deed.
W. F. PRIDEAUX.

written about Sir John in that storehouse of historical fact and original opinion, View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages,' twelfth edition, 1868 (Murray), pp. 470-2:— "This very eminent man had served in the war of Edward III., and obtained his knighthood from that sovereign, though originally, if we may trust common fame, bred to the trade of a tailor. His name is worthy to be remembered as that of the first distinguished commander who had appeared "BRIDGE" (9th S. iv. 497).-The real name in Europe since the destruction of the Roman is "britch," and the game is supposed to have empire. He appears to me to be the first real a Russian origin, which may help philologists general of modern times; the earliest master, how-to trace the source of the term, if it is unever imperfect, in the science of Turenne and known. Skat and bridge have little in comWellington. Every contemporary Italian historian speaks with admiration of his skilful tactics in mon. Skat is a three-handed game, a kind of battle, his stratagems, his well-conducted retreats." cross between gleek and hombre, with borrowings from other quarters; bridge is an improved dummy-whist for four players, with The only semblance between them is that sundry details likewise borrowed elsewhere. the trump is named by the players, and suits have an order of preference, with the trace of a link, perhaps, in the honours and matadores. The objects of the games are quite different (as well as the methods). In whist and bridge, it is tricks numerically; in skat, the values contained in the tricks-which

Hawkwood, Hallam states, was not only the greatest, but the last of the foreign condot tieri, or captains of mercenary bands. Byron alludes to Henry Hallam in his 'English

Bards' as

Classic Hallam, much renowned for Greek.
HENRY GERALD HOPE.

Clapham, S. W.

COMPENSATION TO BRYAN, LORD FAIRFAX (9th S. iv. 399, 427).-Some particulars concerning the American estates, which lay between the Potomac and the Rappahannock in Virginia, may be seen in The Fairfax Correspondence, London, 1848, pp. cxxvi

cxxxvii.

H. DAVEY.

THE MINT (9th S. iv. 348, 403, 506).-I do not pretend to be infallible, but I fail to see in what respect my information was inaccurate, unless it be that I referred to Mint Street as still existing, whereas, according to your correspondent BRUTUS, it is now called Marshalsea Road. In one of the latest London maps in my possession, that which accompanied the newest reissue of 'Old and New London' in 1897-8, Mint Street is still shown, while Marshalsea Road runs into it at an angle, and only usurps the old title at the easternmost end. The change of name must therefore be of very recent date,* and I can only regret the disappearance of the last memorial of a district which filled so large a place in the satiric literature of the last century. It is almost impossible for any one to keep abreast of the London County Council in its extraordinary mania for changing the names of old and historic streets. I believe the latest victim of this craze, unless sound and saner counsels prevail, will be James Street, Buckingham Gate, which was called after the last of the Stuarts, in whose time it

* I think it will be found that Mint Street still holds a place in the Post Office London Directory,' and that St. Saviour's Workhouse is situated in it.

Can any

places skat on a higher level of skill than
either of the other two games.
readers of N. & Q. throw light on the
evolution of the game itself (bridge)?

J. S. M. T.

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THE STAFFORD FAMILY (9th S. iv. 477).—See
the many members of it noticed in 'Dict. Nat.
Biog.'
A. F. P.

"LOWESTOFT CHINA" (9th S. iv. 498).—MR. RATCLIFFE will find an able discussion upon the subject of his query in Marks and Monograms on European and Oriental Pottery and Porcelain,' by Wm. Chaffers (new edition, revised and edited by Frederick Litchfield, 1897). The author has, seemingly, disposed of the theory that the "Lowestoft ware was simply Oriental porcelain, painted only at Lowestoft ":

"Mr. Llewellynn Jewitt, in an interesting paper on Lowestoft china, in the Art Journal of July, 1863, has fallen into the same error. He says: The best of the productions of the Lowestoft works are painted on Oriental body, but there are many good

examples in existence, where the body is of Lowes toft make, which are of very fine quality. collector will be able to distinguish immediately The between the examples painted at Lowestoft on Oriental body, and those which are potted and painted there.""

Mr. Chaffers continues :

"There are three persons now living [1865] who can testify to the fact that nothing passed out of the factory but what was made in it...... Let us also ask those visionary theorists whether they ever saw or heard of such unfinished Oriental white porcelain? When the Lowestoft works ceased in 1802, what became of it all? The country would have been inundated with the supply so suddenly rendered useless, and waiting to be painted......It is certain that a vast quantity of Lowestoft china still exists, not only in England, but on the Continent; but from its similarity to the Oriental, it has been generally confounded with it......With Lowestoft, no mark was ever used, rarely even a painter's mark......Old inhabitants ridicule the idea of Oriental china ever having been brought into it [Lowestoft] to be painted for the purpose of sale. Mr. Studley Martin, nephew of Sir James E. Smith, who resided at Lowestoft, writes: I believe no Oriental china was ever painted, even by adding initials or crests, at Lowestoft, certainly never with flowers, or anything else.""

However, the editor (Mr. Litchfield) appends a note:

"The question of the place of manufacture of a large number of specimens which have been called Lowestoft' is a difficult one to settle. Prof. Church has gone so far in the opposite direction to Mr. Chaffers, as to omit from his work on English porcelain any mention of Lowestoft, and in the catalogue of the Schreiber Collection, such specimens as are generally called Lowestoft are classified as Oriental porcelain decorated in England.' Sir A. W. Franks has a very limited belief in Lowestoft, and thinks that most of the china so called by Chaffers was of Chinese manufacture......The Editor is inclined to believe that......nearly all the services, with coats of arms, monograms, and heraldic devices, were not only made but decorated in China.'

See also 'The Ceramic Art of Great Britain,' by Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A. (London, 1887). HERBERT B. CLAYTON.

THE GREAT OATH (9th S. iv. 438). This term, used in Scotland, appears to apply to the solemnity of the act, and not in contradistinction to a minor or subsidiary form of taking the oath. In ancient writings the "great aith" is frequently referred to. Thus Wyntoun says:—

He swore the great aith bodely,
That he suld hald alle lelely,
That he had said in to that quhile,

But ony cast of fraud or gyle. IX. 20, 85. In Retours, under Brieves of Inquest, issued from Chancery for the service of heirs, recently abolished, the words of form were "Qui jurati dicunt magno sacramento interveniente." In Scotch conveyancing a deed

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in regard to heritage or real estate by a
ratified by her before a magistrate, outwith
married woman requires to be judicially
the presence of the husband. In the form of
ratification she gives her great oath that she
was noways seduced or compelled to grant
or concur in the conveyance, but did so of
her own free will and motive, and that she
will never quarrel or impugn the same,
directly or indirectly.
A. G. REID.
Auchterarder.

66

beg leave to point out the fact that, at the "TIFFIN" (9th S. iv. 345, 425, 460, 506).—I first of the above references, I gave in full the title of the work from which I quoted, Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.' It is therefore not the fact that I obscured the issue by omitting to do that. If I did not repeat the title in extenso in my second note, I only refrained from so doing out of consideration for the space of 'N. & Q.,' and because I thought it unnecessary, after having recited it in full in my former note.

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JULIAN MARSHALL.

EDGETT (9th S. iii. 407; iv. 177).-This surname is susceptible of several explanations. It may be from edge and gate, as suggested by MR. HARRISON, but scarcely from hedge-gate, for in local names the rules as to h are well observed, and in America this letter is not likely to go etymologically wrong. MR. HARRISON is in error in saying that "edge-gate would make no sense." In Old English ecg meant, in local names, "bluff," "ridge of land," N.E.D.' 'under 'Edge,' vi. This meaning is or cliff," as explained by Mr. Bradley in preserved in Alderley Edge, co. Chester, Weston-under-Edge, Aston-under-Edge, and Wootton under - Edge, co. Gloucester, in addition to the instances given in the 'N. E.D.' Cf. also Edgehill, co. Warwick. For its existence in O.E. I may cite 'Cartularium Saxonicum,' i. 496, 13; iii. 151, 2; 155, 1; 587, 40; 590, 14. A Middle-English instance occurs in the Gloucester 'Chartulary,' iii. 45, 1, land "super le egge" at Randwick, co. Glouc. In O.E. geat meant, in local names, a gap or opening in high ground, a narrow pass, as in Symond's Yat (*Sigemundes geat), co. Glouc., now erroneously transferred to a point of the rock. It is conceivable that such a gap might be called Ecg-geat, which would yield a modern Edgett quite regularly.

But the word ecg was used in forming compound personal names, and hence appears in local names formed from personal names. In the hypocoristic forms Ecg and Ecga (or the corresponding fem. *Ecge) it would in modern names have become undistinguishable

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