placed in a church." Where has it since been set up? The rector, the Rev. J. S. Barrass, stated that the rest of the monuments would eventually be placed in the church of St. Lawrence, Jewry. In the Morning Leader of 13 Jan., 1899, Mr. Charles Welsh, the librarian of the Guildhall, reported that in the course of the excavations which had been made in the interior of the church for the purpose of clearing the vaults, the burial-place of Sir John Gresham, Lord Mayor of London in 1547, had been discovered. An illustration of the arched entrance to the vault accompanied Mr. Welsh's article, showing, painted in capitals on the plaster coating, the remains of the following inscription: "I.H.S. This vaute was made by Sir John Gressam Knight......was laid in it the xxx daie of October 1556." the names of "breakfast" and "tea" are quite unknown to the average Frenchman otherwise than as "Quite English, you know." Dickens is much read in France, and there may have been a memory of the Brick Lane temperance tea. The average Frenchman takes tea as we take beef-tea or senna-tea or camomile-tea-as a remedy. I once had served me at Montpellier with tea, besides the usual milk and sugar, a small decanter of rum and a smaller one of orangeflower water-quite a little collection. THOMAS J. JEAKES. Tower House, New Hampton. Failing any other reply to the point raised THE MINT (9th S. iv. 348, 403, 506; v. 12).— by BRUTUS as to the existence of Mint Street, Borough, at the present time, I can It is said that the work of excavation reconfirm CoL. PRIDEAUX'S statement at the vealed distinct traces of three floors on a The map in the recent reissue of Old and last reference from personal observation. lower level than the one then in use. The New London' is correct. I knew the street removal of the upper floor proved that jerry-in its old state, when it ran from Blackman building was rife even in Wren's time, for some of the supposed stone pillars were found to be of wood, with a shell covering of lath and plaster. One, at least, was discovered to be suspended from the roof instead of supporting it. No wonder the walls eventually gave way if their foundations were constructed in the same shoddy manner. Although Wren was responsible for the erection of so many of our City churches after the Great Fire, it is worthy of record that St. Michael's, Bassishaw, "is the only building of [his] that shows a decided deficiency of foundation" (Bohn's 'Pictorial Handbook of London,' 1854). One peculiar point about this church is its complete insulation. On three sides are narrow pathways, and at the east end is a broad pavement shaded by plane trees. The spot has not inaptly been described as "a veritable lagoon of quietness." JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. PEWTER AND ITS MARKS (9th S. iv. 458, 506, 526). While staying in the house of a lady aged eighty-three I have examined the marks on some pewter platters which belonged to her great-grandfather. If J. A. B. would give me his address I should be glad to send some rubbings of them to him. Brackley. ERNEST M. DIXON. "THE BEURRE" (9th S. v. 9, 57).-The "buttered tea" of Tibet is, of course, the first to suggest itself. It should be recol lected, however, that the butter-meals indispensable to the average Englishman under Street parallel to Lant Street at a few yards north of that thoroughfare. When MarshalMint Street was absorbed in the new road, sea Road was formed the easternmost end of but if one proceeds from the Borough westward along the south side of Marshalsea Road, a hundred yards or so will bring him to what remains of Mint Street, and as COL. PRIDEAUX surmises, St. Saviour's Workhouse still occupies the north side of the street. F. A. RUSSELL. 49, Holbeach Road, Catford, S.E. NUMBER OF BARONETS IN EACH REIGN (9th S. iv. 517).-The baronets of England, Great Britain, and Ireland, with the dates of creation, will be found in 'Whitaker's Almanack' for the current year (pp. 114-19), from which the required information may be compiled, but possibly only approximately. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road. 'NEW CRITICAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &C., IN LONDON' (9th S. iv. 537).—I have in my library a book bearing the following title : "A Critical Review of the | Public Buildings, Statues, and Ornaments, in and about | London and Westminster, originally written by | Ralph, Architect, and now Reprinted with very Large Additions. The whole being digested into a Six Days Tour, in which every Thing worthy the Attention of the judicious Enquirer, is pointed Wallis, at Yorick's Head | Ludgate-street. 1783. out and described. | London: | Printed for John Of whom may be had, The most accurate Plans of London, and its Environs.” Its contents are advertisement and preface (Essay on Taste '), i-xxxi; 'Tour through Bense, &c. ; yet there does not appear to London,' 1-209; and index, 1-5 (not paged). The title-page bears the autograph "J. Britton," and several of the fly-leaves contain pencil notes, now nearly obliterated. Is this a copy of the volume edited by William Nicholson? If so, it would seem that the editor was not even cognizant of the author's Christian name. What are the reasons for attributing it to the repentant Ralph ("ev'n Ralph repents ") of the 'Dunciad'? JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. "NORMAN GIZER" (9th S. iii. 486; iv. 112, 545). Your list of synonyms for the misselthrush interested me very much. I have recently come across - I am sorry I forget where-another, mime-thrush, which so far I have not hunted down. The 'Century Dictionary,' &c., do not give the word. May I ask you if you are interested in birds notes? If you are, will you tell me whether the pink, pink, metallic note (mostly double), resembling the chaffinch's, belongs to the blue tit, or as many maintain-I think erroneously to the great tit? J. A. CRAWLEY. P.S.-A Scotch lady tells me that a heron is called the craggy heron in Aberdeenshire. This, too, I have so far failed to find. Will MR. G. Y. BALDOCK be so very kind as to tell us the exact title of Commander Willcox's little book on birds, and also and especially the name of the publisher? Knightwick Rectory. J. B. WILSON. The mavis and the merle are said to be names of the common thrush; but Sir Walter Scott distinguishes between the two: Merry it is in the good green wood In a note to these lines it is said that the blackbird. E. YARDLEY. DE BENSTEDE OR BENSTED FAMILY (9th S. v. 29). -There can be little doubt all the families of this name (though variously spelt) are descended from one origin; but it would be well-nigh impossible to find the missing links. There is only one Benstede pedigree, that which is to be found in Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire,' vol. ii. p. 280 (see Coleman's 'General Introduction to Printed Pedigrees,' London, 1866). Burke's 'Armory' names seven or eight families (no county given) entitled to arms: Benstead, Bensteed, "Bettshed, Benst, have been one belonging to the ranks of the Upton. R. B. SHEPHERDESS WALK (9th S. iv. 306, 424; v. 11).-In the list of tea gardens given in The Picture of London for 1803' is "Shepherd and Shepherdess Tea Gardens, &c., City Road, leading to Islington......Much frequented in the summer time by tea parties, &c." Would these tea gardens be connected with the "very old beerhouse" mentioned by MR. J. W. M. GIBBS, or was it too far afield? I shall welcome particulars of these, and any other old tea gardens in the north or east of London. JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. MISQUOTATION (9th S. v. 45).-The four lines I quoted were copied verbatim from "The Poems of Oliver Goldsmith, embellished with engravings, from the designs of Richard Westall, R.A. Printed for John Sharp, Piccadilly. 1822." My attention has been drawn to the fact that in other editions in the last line- That one small head should carry all he knew, could is the word used, and not "should." The various editions in the library here all have "could." There is a popular Irish song which says that At five in the morning, by most of the clocks, We rode from Kilruddery, to try for a fox. As the huntsmen took their time from "most of the clocks," I shall in future follow the word used in most of the editions. But there is, perhaps, a better reason for using "could" instead of "should," and it is this: "The Deserted Village' was published in 1770, and Goldsmith died in 1774, and owing to the kindness of Mr. Pickering, our librarian, who has caused the first edition and all other editions in the British Museum published between those dates to be examined, I learn that "could" is used in all of them. How the editor of the edition of 1822, which contains 'Critical Observations,' and is an excellent little edition, came to substitute "should" for "could" is a puzzle to me. However, I, who came forth as a corrector, am myself corrected, and I consequently write this sitting in ashes and clothed in sackcloth. Inner Temple. H. B. P. THE LATE MR. BERNARD QUARITCH (9th S. v. 83).—I was once a neighbour of the late Mr. Quaritch, the great book-dealer. I resided in the house adjoining his in Piccadilly. Having more books than I could carry about with me, being migratory at that time, I put out a hundred volumes on a table, and asked him to look at them and see if they were worth his buying. His quick eye lighted on a thin, gold-lettered quarto volume of Kant, worth two guineas, and he said he would give thirty shillings for the lot, which I accepted. One thing he said I well remember. Looking around at other books on shelves, he remarked, You will do well to seil all you do not daily need. A poor book-lover regards his books as children. He is loth to part with them, and is unable to keep them. They only encumber him, and he can do better without them"--which may be true of children when they are many and the income limited. GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE. copies, and the discovery, which attracted little notice, was soon forgotten. In November, 1863, at a meeting of the London Photographic Society at King's College, a marvellous find was announced, which seemed to award the palm to Matthew Boulton, the partner of Watt. The library at Soho (Birmingham) had been undisturbed during half a century, when, in the course of clearing out a vast collection of old documents, a number of crumpled and folded sheets of paper were discovered. When smoothed out they were found to consist of copies, on coarse foolscap, of designs by Angelica Kauffman, not done by hand, but by some secret process. More pictures, and one or two silvered plates, were found in a Soho. A camera was found in the library broker's shop, among waste paper sold from there. All seemed to prove that the pictures wood was a member of a scientific society were photographs; and as the elder Wedgwhich met at Soho, it was plain that Thomas, the son, had derived his knowledge of photography from what had been picked up at Soho. However, after patient investigation, the paper pictures found at Soho (which had, it that he got up a petition praying that the is said, so much alarmed Sir William Beechey manufacture might be stopped, as it foreshadowed the ruin of the artistic profession) were found to have been executed by a of silver, and had no claims to be called mechanical method, did not contain nitrate photographs. The camera and silvered copperplates found belonged to a Miss Wilkinson, who had used the library at Soho as a photographic studio subsequently to the discoveries of Daguerre and Niépce. See Tomlinson's Encyclopædia of Useful Arts,' 1866, art. HERBERT B. CLAYTON. 'Photography.' THE DISCOVERER OF PHOTOGRAPHY (9th S. v. 26). I fail to see where Lord Brougham's claims would come in. The actual inventors of photography, as a useful art, were Niépce COL. MALET is evidently wrong in saying and Daguerre, Frenchmen, who began their Miss Meteyard names Tom Brierly (?) as the experiments, separately, about 1814. All the inventor of photography, Thomas Wedgsame, Thomas Wedgwood (son of the potter) wood, the youngest son of Josiah, the greatest and Sir Humphry Davy were universally English potter, was the inventor, and a full acknowledged-long before Miss Meteyard account of the discovery may be found in published her Records of the Younger Miss Meteyard's 'A Group of Englishmen,' Wedgwoods, embracing the History of the pp. 154 et seq., and a facsimile of the first Discovery of Photography'-as the first to photograph seen. This was taken by Thomas discover the art of taking sun pictures. It Wedgwood in 1791-93. Byerley was not an was made known by them in a paper pub-inventive genius, and I may take this opporlished June, 1802, in the Journal of the Royal Institution, An Account of a Method of copying Paintings upon Glass, and of making Profiles by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver; with Observations by Sir Humphry Davy.' Wedgwood tried in vain to "fix" the tunity of correcting a mistake which I believe appeared in a past number of 'N. & Q.,' and to which I omitted to reply at the time, namely, that the silvered ware was invented also by Thomas Wedgwood, and not Thos. Byerley. See Miss Meteyard's 'Life of Josiah I believe they claim to possess a photograph produced by Thomas Wedgwood (son of the famous potter) at the Free Library, Stoke-upon-Trent. Chambers (Encyclopædia,' vol. viii. p. 146) says :— "The honour of having been the first to produce pictures by the action of light on a sensitive surface is now generally conceded to Thomas Wedgwood, an account of whose researches was published in 182 in the Journal of the Royal Institution, under the title 'An Account of a Method of copying Paintings upon Glass, and of making Profiles by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver; with Observations by H. Davy.' "PETIGREWE" (9th S. v. 49).--As the editorial note suggests, this word is only an old form of pedigree. Possibly it here refers to the table of affinity, showing that a man might not marry his grandmother, &c., which till lately was commonly hung in churches. The etymology of the word itself does not appear to have been settled. I would observe that Fitzherbert in his 'Surueyinge,' 1539, speaks in ch. xiii. of a 66 conveyance of descent in manner of a petie degre." He is advising the stewards of manorial courts to enrol the names of heirs in the records of the manor. The word seems to mean a "little step," because in a short table of descent the connecting lines are drawn in the form of a step. S. O. ADDY. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The Church Towers of Somerset. R.P.E. Parts XIII-XVI. (Bristol, Frost & By E. Piper, Reed.) FOUR further parts of Miss Piper's admirable series etchings of the church towers of Somerset have seen the light, and the task is now nearing completion. First among the new designs comes the church of St. John the Baptist, Frome, the tower of which, apart from the spire, is squat. A sense of its insignificance is, however, diminished, since a small part only of the large and very ornate edifice is shown. Mr. John Lloyd Warden Page, in whose competent hands remain the descriptions, holds that the church will look better when another hundred years shall have mellowed the restorations which at present have all but destroyed the sense of antiquity in a church founded in 680 by St. Aldhelm, and still containing some few carven stones of Saxon workmanship. St. Philip's, Norton St. Philip, seven miles south of Bath, comes next. Though modern, its tower is remarkably_curious and striking. Of the church as a whole, Freeman says that "it is eccentric from beginning to end." The tower he proclaims one of the most irregular ever seen......one that some man had devised out of 66 his own head without reference to any other tower." One of the most interesting and beautiful designs in the work, so far as it has reached, is that of the fine church of St. Mary, Bruton, with its noble tower, one of the finest specimens of the Somerset three feet in height, is curiously contrasted with Perpendicular architecture. This tower, ninetythe short, plain second tower-like itself in three stages, but only fifty feet high-which exists over the north porch. The church is remarkable in many respects, being built on a slope, and having tioned by Mr. Page. Witham Priory has perhaps no east window. Other notable particulars are menno right to a place in the work, seeing that it has no tower whatever, nothing but a bell-gable at the west. Its quaint physiognomy and its historical interest alone justify its inclusion. A hideous tower built in 1832 has since, in a becoming fit of penitence, been removed. The church of St. John the Baptist at Glastonbury, with its lofty tower of 140 feet, ranks next in importance, according to The lines and proportions are eminently graceful. Freeman, to Wrington and St. Cuthbert's, Wells. There is not a lover of ecclesiastical antiquities in the kingdom who does not include Glastonbury among the objects of perpetual pilgrimage, and to whom this lovely church is unknown. In striking contrast with the church mentioned-and, indeed, unlike Somerchurch of St. Michael, Somerton. setshire churches generally-is the not far distant In this the topmost stage is octagonal. The proportions of the tower of St. John the Baptist, Yeovil, are fine, but the impression left is less strong than in the case of other buildings of less pretension. The Saints', Martock, with the exception of St. Mary present instalment of the work ends with All Redcliffe, Bristol, the finest, and perhaps the largest, parish church in Somersetshire. We must leave the reader to peruse for himself all that Freeman Of the nave, however, he says that it "embodies has to say concerning its claims upon admiration. a perfect design of a parochial nave of the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries," adding that it is a thing only to be found in England, and in this part of England." Each successive part on its appearance inspires us with longing for the summer time, in which alone these gives us many quaint mottoes from bells, many of Mr. Page places can conveniently be revisited. Billie. the quaintest due to the self-exaltation of Master The Upper Norwood Athenaeum: the Record of the Winter Meetings and Summer Excursions, 1898–9. WE again accord a welcome to the Record of this useful little society, which has just completed its twenty-third season, and now numbers a hundred members. We are glad to see that last year's rambles were to places full of suggestion, and include not only well-trodden paths, but also less familiar spots. It is pleasant, too, to notice that the ramblers found the clergy ever willing to tell the story of their churches. At the annual dinner the President, the Rev. Lord Victor Seymour, urged upon members the importance of retaining the antiquarian features of the society, and expressed the hope that the younger members would be induced to conduct rambles. The Record is carefully edited by Mr. J. Stanley and Mr. W. F. Harradence, and is well illustrated, thanks to the kindness of the proprietors of the Illustrated News, Graphic, Sketch, Penny Illustrated, and others. The illustrations include Sutton Place, Knole, Northcote, Waverley, Oxford, and Eltham. Lambkin's Remains, by H. B., is a booklet published by the proprietors of the J. C. R. at Ox ford, these latter initials representing a short-lived periodical of the butterfly sort which is bright for a season. H. B. is a versatile person, part author of a successful child's book, and wholly responsible for an historical study recently crowned by the Academy, and his present fooling is not amiss, though some of it might be improved. Mr. Lambkin represents the pompous pedagogue who has studied enough Pater to be an ineffectual angel, enough philosophy to be conceited, and enough modern journalism to advertise himself. The essay on success contains a misquotation from Tennyson, which is careless. The tone of superiority suggested as characteristic of Oxford has, possibly, some justification. THE January number of the Reliquary is a very good one. All the papers in it are full of interest, and it fully keeps up its reputation as the leading antiquarian magazine of the day. The article on Old Bed-Waggons,' by Mr. R. Quick, is, so far as we are aware, the only instance in which these now almost forgotten household objects have ever been described. It would be interesting to know whether any have been found in the north or north-east parts of England. What was the usual practice of airing a bed before the invention of the warmingpan in the northern counties? Warming-pans were certainly known in the early part of the seventeenth century, and probably long before. There is a custom which yet obtains in the eastern part of England, and may have been in general use all over the country: bricks heated to such a point that they just escape setting fire to their covering are placed in the centre of a bed, after being wrapped in flannel, and then the bed, mattress, and pillows are piled round them in the manner shown by Mr. Quick in the illustration No. 6. An account of the Biddenden Maids,' by Mr. G. Clinch, is of interest. Has its author consulted the wills in the Bishops' Registry at Canterbury? If it exists at all, most likely the will he is anxious to find is there. Now that we are in a state of war it is not surprising to find more political articles than usual in the Edinburgh. The English Radicals,' a review of a recent book, is as purely historical as if it were devoted to a sketch of the Athenian democracy. The subject is surrounded with difficulty, for in this country, except for very short periods, the Radicals have never formed a distinct party, such as the Whigs and Tories, Liberals and Conservatives. Some of the most prominent of those whose names occur to us when we think of the older forms of Radicalism-Price, Priestley, Shelley, and the elder Mill are examples-never sat in Parliament. It may be noted also that those of what we may call the middle time, who helped to force a reluctant Government to repeal the corn laws, differed very widely from their predecessors of the French revo lutionary era. 'James Russell Lowell' is an appreciative paper, so far as the man himself is concerned, but the writer does not estimate his literary work at its full value. The conditions in which literature is produced-alike in verse and prose-differ widely in America and in this country, and the contrast was stronger during Lowell's productive period than it is now. For this sufficient allowance has not been made. The paper on Millais is, in a direction of indiscriminate praise. There is in it a sense, exhaustive. It assuredly does not err in the vein of censure or at least depreciation-which, though not entirely undeserved, has sometimes fallen on wrong objects. We cannot, for example, accept what is said of the landscapes without large deduction; to affirm, too, that "poetry and vulgarity-for we can only name them so often fought and joined hands together in the same picture" is a statement wherein few will follow the writer. He admits that in The Vale of Rest' poetry predominates, but even there in the chapel and the sky "a touch of theatricality" is detected. We hope his taste will improve. The Peasants' Rising of 1381' is a valuable essay. We are glad to find that the writer's researches have not led him to take that too favourable view of John of Gaunt which has found credence with some, mainly, as it That he was so does not admit of doubt; but in would appear, because he was a patron of Wyclif. this, as in so much else, it is not unfair to assume that the strong self-confident man was playing a A Side Scene of Thought' well political game. repays reading, but when the end is reached few will have a distinct idea of what the writer proposes--perhaps only a suggestion that more may been commonly admitted by modern scientists. be happening in this complex universe than has Limited, however, as the vision of many of them may be, we prefer their state to that of poor Dr. Dee, concerning whose sordid experiences we have an instructive account. Copyright' is a proverbially difficult subject. It is here made as The plain as its complex nature will admit of. rights never run out. That state of blessedness dream of some of us is of a land where copyhas already been arrived at in Mexico. delightful essay which should be pondered over by THE WILD GARDEN' in the Quarterly is a every one who possesses a plot of ground to cultivate Mere fashion has done much to deprave our taste in all directions. Our gardens for pleasure. than anything else we possess except our old have probably suffered more from its perversity churches. Is the writer quite correct in his surmise that except in monasteries the garden, in the modern sense, did not emerge before the time of the Tudors? Long before that there was a garden at Berkeley Castle. We cannot believe that it was nich dominated so much of the life of England in entirely devoted to potherbs. The Puritan feeling the seventeenth century, though opposed to beauty in so many forms, took kindly to flowers. Much of the pattern-work of to-day is irritating beyond measure, seeming, indeed, as if it were founded on the desire of producing the least amount of beauty with the largest expenditure of trouble. The violent contrasts of colour, almost entirely without neutral tints to relieve them, are in some cases absolutely as physically painful as they are offensive to the higher instincts. There is a very pleasant paper on 'The Sentiment of Thackeray, which |