extent be modified by the varying effects of refraction. I will, however, take the most simple case, when the station is at the equator and the sun is vertical over it, which he will be at the equinoxes, so that he rises in a vertical circle, and the effects of refraction are very much smaller than they are in high latitudes (they are not great in Babylonia). Now the sun's apparent semidiameter at the earth's mean distance is 16 118, so that his apparent diameter is 32′ 2°36. In the case supposed then, as he passes through the whole circuit of the heavens (360) in twenty-four hours, and 360°: 24h:: 32′ 2′′36: 2m 592, the sun will, at that place and time, occupy 2m 58.92 in rising above the horizon. At all other places this duration will be somewhat longer. The Nautical Almanac gives the duration of passing the meridian of Greenwich for every day in the year. W. T. LYNN. Blackheath. PROVERBS IN HERBERT'S 'JACULA PRUDENTUM' (9th S. v. 108).—The proverb "After the house is finished leave it" probably refers to the same superstition as the Italian "Finita la casa, entra la morte.' THORNFIELD. "WOUND" 66 FOR WINDED" (9th S. v. 4, 95).— Entirely idle is the attempted vindication of Sir Walter Scott's "his horn he wound," which has been offered with such confidence, the world being informed that "herein he is unquestionably correct." In his wound we are bidden to behold "the real and regular past tense of the word wind." But what reputable etymologist will now question that there are two distinct verbs wind, of which the one whose conjugation has been mistaken, the substantive wind rhematized, has, save by oversight, or worse, winded for its past tense? Moreover, before the days of Scott, who, the like of Chatterton and Pennant excepted, has substituted wound for it? Of the wind under discussion, winded, either as past tense or as past participle, has the support of Shakespeare, Chapman, Drayton, and Dr. Johnson; and wound, in its stead, takes rank, in a general way, with Sir Walter's bartizan, both of them being spuriosities. Of equal propriety, from the point of view of usage, are "one sticked and has sticked" peas or beans, and "one winded and has inded" a horse or a horn; and who is known to say "I hid him" in place of "I hided him"? Between the two verbs wind there is no more affinity than there is between the two verbs cleave, the two verbs let, or the two verbs lie. For a long time many of the best writers used overflown for overflowed, now alone accepted. Let it be hoped that henceforth, the example of Sir Walter Scott and Tennyson being declined as establishing a precedent, the classical "he winded his horn" may be reinstated in its rights. F. H. Marlesford. MR. BAYNE says that Scott is here "unI refer to Skeat, questionably correct." Concise Etymological Dict.,' s.v. 'Wind' (1), and find the following: "Der. Wind, to blow a horn, pt. t. and pp. winded, 'Much Ado,' I. i. 243, often oddly corrupted to wound!" The note of exclamation is Prof. Skeat's. C. C. B. CINDERELLA (9th S. v. 86).-The writer of the note at this reference does not mention his reason for reviving a question exhaustively treated and convincingly answered so lately as in 8th S. x. 331, 361. He quotes from a note in the 'Reminiscences of an Old Bohemian,' "Vair is the word in Perrault's tales, not verre.' But why go for one's Perrault to 'Reminiscences of an Old Bohemian' What Perrault himself says is, "Elle lui donna ensuite une paire de pantoufles de verre, les plus jolies du monde." To consider this an absurd notion must arise from a failure to understand that the events recorded did not occur in the age of Charles Perrault, the age of Louis XIV., when, doubtless, people did not go to balls in slippers of glass, even if they went in slippers of vair, and when pumpkins were not changed into gilt coaches, nor white nice into dapple-grey horses. They occurred in the age of the fairy godmother, an age which was that of Perrault only in the sense that it was created by him, and in which, therefore, he was at liberty to make his shoes, whether for use or ornament, of just whatever he pleased. KILLIGREW. The fairies had a habit of wearing glass shoes, The notion of a glass slipper is not absurd. which they sometimes lost, and were disconsolate until they found them again. This is mentioned in Keightley's 'Fairy MythoLittle Glass Shoe.' Glass often figures in a logy' in a genuine folk- tale called "The the stories concerning Cinderella the shoes marvellous way in the folk-tales. In some of And gold must be are of gold, not of glass. E. YARDLEY. as difficult to wear as glass. THE TAXES ON KNOWLEDGE (9th S. v. 79, 83).-I can remember when a boy, in 1844, the shop of John Cleave, 1, Shoe Lane, Fleet Street, and the proprietor, a short, stout man, Norwich. JAMES HOOPER. It was a shop for the sale of cheap publica- I believe, are called "corn-boggarts" in Scottions, and I have frequently spent small land. sums there. In those days there were issued several sheets supplying the place now As to the meaning of this word a sugges occupied by penny newspapers, as Clark's Weekly Dispatch, White's Penny Weekly tion is given in a note quoted in Baring Broadsheet, The Penny Satirist; but no news Gould's A Book of the West,' vol. i. p. 57 was allowed to be inserted, as that would where reference is made to white rods, "of have been a violation of the Stamp Act. the top of which was a tossil made of whit Hence "dossil" or Cleave's Penny Gazette endeavoured to and blue ribband.” dossel" tossil tassel. Is the word "dossil supply the place of news by political caricatures, rather coarsely executed, of the pro-applied to stack finials in other than bird o animal shapes? H. SNOWDEN WARD. minent events, and actors in them, of the day, Hawthornden, Woodside Park, N. in which Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Sir James Grahamn, and Mr. Goulburn figured conspicuously, and honest John Bull was depicted as put to the torture in various forms, in order to extract money from his pocket. Be it remembered that those were the days when the Repeal of the Corn Laws was anxiously looked for, and there was the cry for cheap bread. After a career of some years Cleave's Penny Gazette changed both in manner and matter, being issued in form like Chambers's Journal, and containing miscellaneous articles usually taken from other periodicals. This ran a career of about two years, and became extinct about 1845. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. "DOZZIL" OR "DOSSIL" (9th S. iv. 479; v. 17). -It is not quite clear from MISS PEACOCK's inquiry whether "dozzil "stands for any kind of scarecrow or only cut figures. Not long since I saw a figure of a gunner with his mimic gun at present arms on a tall stack, the centre one of three, near Bunn's Bank, an ancient entrenchment between Attleborough and Old Buckenham in this county of Norfolk. Scarecrows of all kinds, I believe, are called shays," "malkins," or "mawkins." Thus, in Mr. Rider Haggard's Farmer's Year' (p. 105): "The mawkin nowadays is a poor creature compared with what he used to be, and it is a wonder that any experienced rook consents to be scared by him. Thirty years or so ago he was really a work of art, with a hat, a coat, a stick, and sometimes a painted face, ferocious enough to frighten a little boy in the twilight, let alone a bird. Now a rag or two and a jumble-sale cloth cap are considered sufficient, backed up generally by the argument, which may prove more effective, of a dead rook tied up by the leg to a stick.' And, again, of pigeons (at p. 264): "It is said that mawkins, or scarecrows, have no terrors for these bold bad birds." A history of scarecrows has yet to be written; they are referred to in Fletcher's 'Bonduca' (Act II. sc. iii.): "Men of clouts set to keep crows from orchards," and these, CHURCH IN CANTERBURY OLDER THAN ST MARTIN'S (9th S. v. 26, 94). An interestin correspondence concerning St. Pancras took place in the columns of the Church Times in March and April, 1897. In a letter signe "Gertrude M. Reynolds " (C. T., 2 April, 1897 occurs the following sentence respecting th church at Canterbury : : "St. Augustine dedicated his first church England in the name of that saint [St. Pancras The church of St. Pancras was of enormous exter: and stood in a field adjoining the St. Augustine Missionary College. Part of the chancel arch, wit Roman tiles, still stands; a pigstye is close by. I is surmised that St. Augustine chose this dedic tion in memory of the little 'Angli' through wher he came to Britain, St. Pancras being a child-marty and a member of a noble Roman family." Other correspondents drew attention t various churches in England dedicated t St. Pancras, whose commemoration day i 12 May, as MR. ANDERSON supposes. JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. Miscellaneous NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. St. Peter in Rome and his Tomb on the Vati Hill. By A. S. Barnes, M.A. (Sonnenschen & Co.) FROM a careful study of ancient plans of St. Peter's at Rome and the lie of the ground, Mr. Barnes convinced himself that the tomb of St. Peter is actually lying beneath the floor of the apse of that august cathedral. In order to put this conviction of his to the test, he was permitted to make investi gations on the spot in February, 1598, and he bega operations in the little chapel of S. Salvatoring which lies to the left of a visitor to the crypt as looks eastward. It is supposed that it was through this means of approach that Charlemagne visite the body of the saint in 774. At the close of the sixth century St. Gregory of Tours certainly mentions that an entrance to it was practicable that time, though it may be doubted whether words, "hoc sepulchrum sub altari collocat which Mr. Barnes attributes to them, valde rarum habetur," exactly bear the meaning sepulchre, which is placed under the altar, exceedingly rarely entered" (p. 189). From minute examination of this underground chapel the author came to the conclusion that a temporary nasking wall now conceals a door which may give entrance, he thinks, to the sepulchral vault which contains the remains of the Apostle. This somewhat shadowy and speculative theory, as it may be considered, is the raison d'être of the large and handsome volume before us. The remain ing chapters deal with the oft-written and much debated subject of St. Peter's last years, his visit to Rome, and his martyrdom there. The numerous traditions which have gathered around the small amount of historical fact which is available Mr. Barnes tells over again in an interesting and straightforward way, from the Romanist point of view, and with abundance of archæological, monu mental, and literary evidence. On some subsidiary points we might fairly differ from his conclusions. We cannot see, e.g., that the dismemberment and distribution of portions of a saint's body among competing churches by authority of the Pope was a pious and laudable way of avoiding the similar danger that might be likely to occur from the profane hands of the barbarian invaders, especially as Pope Gregory the Great had already laid it lown to be a thing "most intolerably sacrilegious for any man to touch the bodies of the saints," and had declared, "We are astonished almost beyond belief to hear it asserted that it is the custom among the Greeks thus to raise the bones of the saints." Surely there was a falling-off here in later Roman practice. The heads of St. Peter and St. Paul are still kept, without rebuke, above the Papal altar in the church of S. Giovanni Laterano! Again, we are surprised that a divine so well read as Mr. Barnes should appear to find a difficulty in the fact of the "strange" epithet lupus, a wolf, being given to St. Paul in an old inscription of the ninth or tenth century which was extant in Rome in the fifteenth century. It occurs in the lines :Quod lupe Paule tuo ore vehis Domino Hic Petre Divini tribueras fercula Verbi. The allusion is obviously to Genesis xlix. 27: Benjamin lupus rapax, mane comedet prædam, et vespere dividet spolia," it being a well-known commonplace of the Fathers (Tertullian, Ambrose, Augustine, &c.) to refer these words to the BenJamite St. Paul as the sometime persecutor of the Christian Church. We have noticed a few other slips. In quoting St. John xxi. 18, When thou art old another shall guide thee "(p. 101), the word italicized is a mistake for gird ("alius te cinget "). Moreover, in an inscription of Innocent III. the word coisraelita as ending an hexameter ought rather to be printed coisraelita. We should not forget to say that the work is beautifully printed and fully illustrated with plans and views. The Mysteries of Chronology, with Proposal for a New English Era to be called the Victorian. By F. F. Arbuthnot. (Heinemann, 1900 and V.E. 64.) WHEN an author commences his book by telling us that it is "a very slipshod work," we hardly know whether he is deprecating or inviting criticism and asking for contradiction. Other puzzles come upon us as we glance through the work. This, however, we may say, that much in it is well worthy of consideration, though we cannot assent to all our author's conclusions, some of which are of a rather dreary kind. He claims, however, that truth has ever been his guiding star, and naively adds, manu "What a difficult pursuit!" By the expression which we first quoted is probably meant that the subject-matter is of rather a miscellaneous kind and only loosely coherent; therefore the contents are given in the preface as well as in a table. Much of the book is occupied with learned discussions regarding the times of the introduction of the Arabic numerals into Europe and that of reckoning dates by Anno Domini. In reference to the former, a date on the tower of the church at Monken Hadley seems to have been overlooked; and in relation to the latter we may point out that quite recently it was shown in N. & Q.' that Dionysius Exiguus did give dates from the Incarnation of our Lord, which makes needless the suggestion that what are called Bede's writings are of much later date than his time. Our author also doubts the authorship of the works ascribed to King Alfred, and, with similar historical scepticism, suggests that the Bayeux tapestry was factured centuries after the Norman Conquest. Now in all matters of this kind it is a truism that much caution is necessary in elaborating the history of periods before we have existing manuscript authority, and there is always a risk of later copyists intentionally or unintentionally altering or modifying their originals, yet it is not beyond the power of research to construct truthfully the great lines of history. Dates, of course, form the skeleton of history, and here we are often able to check those of important events by records of celestial appearances, particularly of eclipses. Several are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'; and one of these enables us to prove that Alfred's great victory over the Danes took place one year earlier than that given in the copies from which our printed version is taken the probability of errors in which had already been shown by Mr. Stevenson on other grounds. We need not, then, date authentic English history from the accession of bluff King Hal, though future historians will doubtless be obliged to Mr. Arbuthnot for his discussion of the dates of the births, accessions, and deaths of the English kings and queens. But whilst yielding to none in respect for her present Majesty, or appreciation of the greatness and importance of her reign, it would, we think, be a retrograde step to introduce another era of reckoning dates from her accession, as is suggested by our author and exemplified in his title-page. Some Principles and Services of the Prayer-Book Historically Considered. Edited by J. Wickham Legg. (Rivingtons.) FOUR essays on current topics of Church interest by three well-informed laymen are here gathered into a volume. The writers being more or less specialists on the subjects with which they deal, their opinions will doubtless obtain the attention they deserve. The editor, himself a conservative representative of the old High Church school, pretty well defines his position by referring at the beginning of his essay to "the disastrous pontificate of Dr. Tait"; but he is far from consenting to the claim of the modern priestling that each may be a law unto himself if he thinks he knows better than his ecclesiastical superiors. As he pithily puts it, 'When clergymen put on the surplice they become the servants of the Church and cease to be their own masters." He consistently condemns in one breath the three hours' service on Good Friday, and lantern services, egg services, flower services, 66 in history or fiction to whom we are less drawn than we are to the Lerwick minister, in whose career as depicted we fail to find many humanizing traits. and other modern extravagances of pious faddists. Nor has he any patience with the racing speed with which the officiant hurries through the service, supposing it to be good form because Newman is said to have set that fashion. Indeed, THE REV. WILLIAM LEE (60, Farleigh Road, not once nor twice Dr. Legg points out, with evident Stoke Newington) writes that as evidence of the relish, the limitations and ignorances of that in-wide circulation of 'N. & Q.' he has to thank corre fluential divine, to whose ipse dixit too much spondents in various parts of the world for their deference has been given. In defending the Anglican Church from hasty charges of Erastianism, Tobacco.' He regrets that, owing to illness and communications respecting 'The Bibliography of the editor brings into prominence the significance other causes, there has been delay in completing of the king being anointed at his coronation, he the bibliography. It is, however, now almost ready being thereby consecrated to ecclesiastical functions for the press, and he will be pleased to hear from and invested with spiritual jurisdiction, almost in the same way as a bishop. The proper term, he gentlemen who may have any suggestions to offer as to making the work as complete as possible. maintains, for this legitimate kingly authority in the Church is Regalism, as distinct from Erastianism. Mr. Cuthbert Atchley contributes a learned paper, with no lack of historical illustrations, on The Ceremonial Use of Lights.' We fail to apprehend his meaning when he says that formerly "in the vast majority of cases this sacrament [baptism] was administered by the roadside, so that there were no lights at all" (p. 25). The remaining essay on 'The English Altar and its Surroundings' is characterized by good sense and also by an English feeling on Church matters, which, indeed, predominates throughout the book, and is a welcome feature in these days of Romanizing manuals. A Shetland Minister in the Eighteenth Century. By Rev. John Willcock, B.D., a A certain MR. W. D. PINK has reprinted from the Leigh Chronicle of 2 February a descriptive article on the Leigh coat of arms, which will be of much interes: to genealogists. WE learn with much regret of the death, at the age of sixty-two, of Mr. Andrew White Tuer, F.S.A., a frequent contributor to our columns. Mr. Tuer was responsible for Bartolozzi and his Works,' 'The History of the Horn Book,' 'The Follies and Fashions of our Grandfathers,' London Cries,' and many books of antiquarian interest. He was for some years on the committee of the Ex-Libris Society, and was best known in con nexion with the Leadenhall Press, of which he was the presiding spirit. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rules. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. When answering queries, or making notes with regard to previous entries in the paper, contributors are requested to put in parentheses, immediately after the exact heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to which they refer. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." THIS life of the Rev. John Mill is by the same author to whom is owing the life of that maddest of Scottish heroes and coxcombs, Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie (see 9th S. iv. 449). certain antiquarian interest attends the proceedings of this worthy. His claims, in the latter half of the eighteenth century, to cast out devils, and his treatment generally of demons, for whom he had a wonderful flair, give the book interest. Mill represents, however, the most perverse, joyless, and repellent form of Presbyterianism, and is a singularly unamiable, acrid, and unsympathetic personage. A stern and pharisaical condemner of others, he seems capable of language almost as bad as that he condemns. He describes in the course of a sea-voyage how "the hellish blasphemies of the cursed tars damning one another put me in greater fear than the danger we were in. Another time he says concerning his adversary, whom, however, he alleges to be Satan, holding possession of a woman: "I called him (as indeed he was) a damned rascal for his impudence." One story (p. 95) concerning a tailor in ChannerC. MASON ("Officers of Royal Marines in 1708"). wick, who made a suit of clothes for the devil, is-Prof. Laughton is the most likely authority for very curious, and probably, as our author says, biographical particulars concerning such. unique. The Rev. John Mill detected the fiend, though disguised as "a very respectable-looking gentleman," and compelled him to sweep out of the house "in a cloud of blue sulphurous flame." Perhaps the most graphic picture in the book is that of the strange distemper called Influenza," which in 1782 was raging through Britain. A not hopelessly unpalatable remedy for that complaint is given, but our faith in it is not great enough to induce us to burden our pages with it. We are not surprised that our hero's daughters turned out none too well, or that children "fled at the first sight of him." We have, indeed, been shown few personages 64 INQUIRER ("Scrope the Regicide").-You neglect to send name and address. CORRIGENDA.-P. 93, col. 1, 1. 3 from bottom, for "458" read 418; p. 129, col. 2, 1. 26 from bottom, for "trestons" read trestous; p. 130, col. 1, 1. 18 from bottom, for "modern" read wooden. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher" at the Office, Breanu's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. Cartaret, 187-George Delaval - Dr. R. Uvedale-Alum " Trade-Sir John Maundeville - Portrait of Ussher "Ivers"-"February Fill-Dyke Rochester FamilyBrowning's' Paracelsus-Warren Lisle, 188-"Step," 189. REPLIES:-Eighteenth-Century History of England'Mr. Gladstone's Height, 189-Silhouettes of ChildrenNew Critical Review-Army Rank, 190-"Jesso"-Men wearing Barrings "Boer Salmon Disease-"To Priest-London Church Registers, 191-Virgil's Epitaph -John Thurbane, 192-Venu: Mountfort-Edgett, 193"Doctor"-"Vine," 194-Hannays of Kirkdale-" Comparisons are odious"-"Out of print "-Old Age at Fifty -On the Word "Up," 195-Earls of St. Pol-Old Wooden Chest-Whiskers, 196 - Coins in Foundation Stones Lincolnshire Saying-The Jubilee Number--Les Détenus, 197-Helen Faucit and Margaret Gillies - Toad Mugs Bible originally written in Dutch, 198. NOTES ON BOOKS:- Beeching's Poetical Works of Milton-Tomlinson's 'Life of Charles Tomlinson Shaw's Calendar of Treasury Books and Papers-The Archko Volume-Antiquary,' Vol. XXXV. - Reviews and Magazines. Notices to Correspondents. Notes. EARLY ISSUES OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS. THIS is a rather interesting matter, from the attraction of the earliest editions, and the exceptional artistic grace with which they are designed. Modern editions of Scott, as well as of Dickens and Thackeray, can never offer the easy spontaneousness of the old ones. The shape was directed by the form and pressure" of the author himself; while the reproductions of our day always have an artificial air, and do not belong to the old period. What, for instance, could be more "heartless" (Elia's term) than the library set of Thackeray's stories, with its pale, feeble-looking print? I do not know any better addition to the pleasures of the "Waverleys" than to read them in the actual original editions, all more or less finely printed and "designed" by the worthy Ballantyne. The feeling of reading in these "original" editions is hard to analyze, and may be thought fanciful enough. But it is based on the idea, that the book was the one that had passed through the hands of the author himself, of which the proofs had been set right by him, and which was generally acceptable to him. The old type, the old paper, binding, &c., are of his era, and in harmony with his style. These very volumes had been thumbed by rapturous admirers, who had contended for them, and who guessed at the Great Unknown. There is something, by the way, enticing and correct also, in the simple, marbled yellow, half-bound "jackets" of Scott's works. They are simple and yet effective in this garb. "The Tales of a Grandfather' are nearly always found thus dressed. We look with interest on 'Waverley,' which, in its eighth edition, is now open before me. It is a good, well-printed, business-like piece of work. The paper is a little tinged with age, each page having twenty-four lines, the printing rather "rough," but bold. The first edition is very rare and priced high-at some eight or ten pounds. Yet all the rest-"the whole set," in fact-may be had for three pounds or so- minus, of course, the first Waverley. For the first issue, in three volumes, the type was apparently "kept standing"; for there were numbers of editions, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, which did not differ. At first merely the name of the story was used as a headline; in two or three instances the headline was the subject of the chapter. Gradually, however, the good bold fashion of printing was put aside, and in the later works, Kenilworth,' 'The Pirate,' and others, a type much smaller and less dignified was used, and a longer line and larger page were adopted, with a rather poor type. Some were printed in octavo, and then there was a reversion to the "twelves." One is astonished to note how small these volumes were as compared with a modern, full-blown, three-volume novel. They were very handy, but gradually grew year by year. There has been a complete change in the format of novels. When Scott began his series it was simply a handy pocket volume, which the reader could take about with him. I have a complete set of Miss Austen's works, first editions all, and they are of this small size, each page containing not more than 20 lines or 200 words. By the fifties the novel had grown into large octavo size, each page containing over 300 words. It would be interesting to discuss the causes of this development, but I have not space here. The fashion now is-and has been-in the case of a popular story by a writer such as Boz to multiply impressions of the same text according to the demand. The type is moulded and kept standing. Every copy is the same until the time arrives for cheaper or more convenient forms. But in Scott's case his publishers were constantly devising |