Probably the list of the followers of the Percy may be there also. G. H. THOMPSON. FLEMISH WEAVERS (9th S. v. 288).-The names of many of the early Flemish weavers who came over with John Kemp, temp. Edward III. and later, are given in "The History of Wool,' by John Smith, LL.B., 1747, a copy of which is in the British Museum (959 c. 19). See also Rymer's 'Fœdera,' tom. iv. p. 496, &c. The names also appear in 'Nidderdale' (Stock), in a list of Yorkshire trades five centuries ago. FRED. HITCHIN-KEMP. such a bull. "Welsh hearths and Scottish (Manchester, Henry Gray, 1884), is a list of byres" is just as good and appropriate asCraven Men who fought at Flodden, taken "Scotch hearths and English stables"; in from the Battle Roll at Bolton Abbey, in fact, the latter is more appropriate, for by the possession of the Duke of Devonshire." the law of association our minds promptly revert to the yeomanry, whereas the Scotch in general are foot soldiers, and, as far as I am aware, do not necessarily visit the byre or cowshed before departing on warlike expeditions unless to hear the dairymaid asking in soft accents, "Wull ye no come back again?” If this is what the line "implies," we can understand it, certainly; but the old blood is sure to rise at such an imputation, and ST. SWITHIN may be in danger from weapons more tangible than scorn" (not the other weapon referred to at first). But ST. SWITHIN has a big job on hand if he has mounted Rosin-ante or Buey-ante to whitewash Cockney blunders about Scotland. They are a standing jest among us-from those of the Times down to the plum-pudding wit and humour of the sheet called Punch. If an Aberdeen poet described the English rank and file as swarming from stables," the numerous Cockney penny-a-line war critics would have something commensurate with their powers to rave about. Perth. 66 P. F. H. CURIOSITIES OF COLLABORATION (9th S. iv. 475; v. 214). This kind of piece-writing is not always so successful as MR. HANNIGAN seems to think. I have long been of opinion that "The World's Desire,' written conjointly by Messrs. Rider Haggard and Andrew Lang, would have been more effective from one pen. Such partnership is invariably nothing better than patchwork. One can generally trace the fine Roman hand of the dominant and the crabbed one of the sleeping partner. This unnatural marriage of styles is altogether undesirable. A passage from Mrs. Oliphant's letter to Wm. Blackwood (25 August, 1892) is interesting in this connexion : "I should like to say my mind about Louis Stevenson's Wrecker' and the 'Naulakha,' both of which are striking instances of the evils of collaboration, and I think would furnish good materials for a little slashing. As I am very fond of the principal authors in both cases, I should not go too far.' Whether the "little slashing" was ever administered the 'Autobiography' of that prolific author sayeth not. It was certainly J. B. MCGOVERN. needed. St. Stephen's Rectory, C.-on-M., Manchester. LISTS OF NORTHERN FIGHTERS AT FLODDEN (9th S. v. 126, 257).-In 'The Battle of Flodden Field,' edited by Charles A. Federer, L.C.P. Beechfield Road, Catford. "NIMMET" (9th S. iv. 438, 506; v. 51).—Jamieson gives "Yimmet, s. A piece, a lunch, several yims of food." But one cannot accept his derivation from A.-S. gemete without question. The form is, however, interesting as providing a second word to nimmet, consonant, and with a similar meaning, but with a different origin. The case, however, would be much simplified if one could assert that yimmet was an echoic form of nimmet and that yim had nothing to do with it. ARTHUR MAYALL. TOWN GATES OUTSIDE LONDON (9th S. v. different cities would be interesting points 228). The amount of wall and the area of connected with this question. Most English cities were, like London, bounded partly by a river. London had a mile and a quarter of river and about two miles of wall. Though river and about two miles of wall. Though the Lord Mayor's district may be a square thereof. York, though not so large, claimed, mile, the walled city was barely a third being walled all round, more wall, I believe. Next in size, I think, were Chester and Canterbury, also walled all round. Winchester approaches half the size of Londonfive-the West, and St. Swithun's, which one hundred acres. It keeps two gates of King John rebuilt with the church over it, and it is hence called King's Gate. The others, North, South, and Durn Gates, only give their names to streets. The North and South were on the Roman road from Silchester to Southampton, the last twenty miles of which, from Popham to Southampton, are still in use, except about a quarter of a mile in Winchester, which has been shifted about fifty yards eastward. Southampton keeps its North Gate and about one hundred yards of western wall. Salisbury, In this city we have Miller Gate, Hustler Gate, Ive Gate, West Gate, Kirk Gate, North Gate, Queen's Gate, Emma Gate, Anne Gate, Hannah Gate, Harper Gate, South Gate, John Gate, Jonas Gate, Norton Gate, Park Gate, Denholme Gate, Tyersal Gate, West Gate (Eccleshill), West Gate (Baildon), West Gate (Low Moor), West Gate (Shipley), Kirk Gate* (Shipley). At Malton we have Yorkers Gate, Wheel Gate, Castle Gate, Old Malton Gate, and Green Gate. The names of these only remain. CHAS. F. FORSHAW, LL.D. Hanover Square, Bradford. Berwick-on-Tweed has a well-preserved wall and five gates. The chief gates are known as the Scotch Gate, the English Gate, and the Cowgate. Canterbury has Worthgate, Northgate, Westgate, Burgate, Queningate, Ridingate. A part of the city is called Northgate. Burgate survives in the name of a street, and the West Gate is still standing. Carmarthen had four gates. Some remains exist. Carnarvon has a North Gate and an East Gate still visible. Chester has Eastgate, Northgate, Bridgegate, and Watergate. The last mentioned derives its name from the fact that the tide once flowed up to it. Conway has three principal gates flanked with towers. They are Porth Uchaf, the upper gate; Porth Isaf, the lower gate; and Porth-y-Felin, the mill gate. There are also two posterns, the Porth-y-Adfor and Porth Castell. Dundee has the Cowgate Port still standing. Nethergate, Seagate, Overgate, and Murraygate are among the names of its streets. The other gates were known as Monk's Gate, Newcastle, according to Mr. Tomlinson, has "the Sally-port or Carpenter's or Wall Knoll Tower, the only gate now standing." Perth had the Spey Gate near the Spey Tower, a now vanished part of the fortifications. dating York has several gates or "bars" century. They are Micklegate Bar, Bootham back, for the main part, to the fourteenth Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar, Fishergate Bar, and Victoria Bar. The last is a modern erection. T. P. ARMSTRONG. In this ancient city of Chichester, of which Camden says, Foure gates it hath opening to the foure quarters of the world," the names of the gates, the last of which disappeared at the end of last century, are yet retained, and the prolongations of the main streets leading to the gates, when they get beyond the city walls, are known as North respectively. Gate, South Gate, East Gate, and West Gate, E. E. STREET. Chichester. PRINCE OF WALES AS DUKE OF CORNWALL (9th S. v. 4, 215).-I should have mentioned what these titles are in the reply which appeared on p. 215. They are, in addition to Carrick, Earl of Cunynghame, Kyle, and Kilmarnock. The first is an older royal dignity than Baron of Renfrew, so far as Renfrew is on record, and the title Baron of Ardmannock is also older than Renfrew, and both Cunynghame and Ardmannock are likewise older than Lord of the Isles. Nothing has taken place to reduce the Prince of Wales from the use of these ancient ancestral titles-Cunynghame, Kyle, Kilmarnock, and Ardmannock, and there is, therefore, no reason why, in what are generally supposed to be, or pass for, official narrations of his titles, they should not be given in full. The Earldom of Kilmarnock was alienated in 1661, by patent, to William, ninth Lord Boyd, but returned to the Prince and Steward of Scotland on the attainder of the fourth Boyd Earl in 1746. The Earl of Errol was created Baron Kilmarnock in 1831; but the higher dignity remains with the Prince and Steward. With due consideration of the peculiar privileges of the High Stewards of Scotland it is perfectly certain that the Crown itself, without first attainting the Heir Apparent, could not rightly deprive the Prince of Wales of these ancient titles, which were borne by his ancestors before they were Dukes of Rothesay and Lords of the Isles. Yet Garter and Lyon have presumed to do so. Why? Dalry, Boat, and for the use of the late Princess Sophis: tho' others ascribe it to a more eminent pen. At the End, of the first part of this Copy, it is said to have been finished Aug. 16, 1715. And an imperfect copy (as may be seen by comparing with this) has been lately published, which in the Additional Characters of the chief of Q. Anne's last ministry, are prudently omitted. The Book concludes with Mr. Bromley's Character." It is placed among the folios, and was sold, according to a MS. note in the Bodleian copy, to Barker for 21. 28. These queries are purely technical in purport; but a new feature has been given to the Duchy of Lancaster. Lord Cross, who is in Her Majesty's confidence, states that this title is not merged in the Crown, but coexistent. So the Queen is Duke of Lancaster, independently of the mere form of coronation as Queen regnant. It is the valid Queen Anne. These Characters, drawn up in the survival of an independent Palatine GovernA. HALL. ment. MACKY'S 'COURT CHARACTERS' (9th S. v. 165). The following extracts, collected while making a bibliography of Andrew Fletcher's writings, may interest W. I. R. V. 1. Hearne's 'Diary,' cxxx. 126:"1731, Aug. 17, Tuesd.-They are reprinting at London the scarce Pieces of that famed Republican Fletcher of Saltoun,......A Character of him will be taken from a MS. said to be wrote by La Somers, found in the Study of Thomas Rawlinson, Esq.; and now penes Ric. Rawlinson, LL.D., wch is so scarce, that there are only two other copies in being." 2. Fletcher's 'Works,' 1732: "Characters of the Author. I. From a MS. in the Library of the late Thomas Rawlinson, Esq.; [foot-note] Intitled, Short political Characters of the chief of the Lords and Commons of England, of the then Ministry, and the most noted Officers both by Sea and Land: Of the Foreign Ministers, and Nobility and Gentry of Scotland before the Union of the two Kingdoms." 3. "Memoirs of the Secret Services of John Macky, Esq... Including, also, The true Secret History of the Rise, Promotions, &c., of the English and Scots Nobility; Officers, Civil, Military, Naval, and other Persons of Distinction, from the Revolution. In their respective Characters at large; drawn up by Mr. Macky, pursuant to the Direction of Her Royal Highness the Princess Sophia. Pub lished from his Original Manuscript; As attested by his Son Spring Macky, Esq.; London: Printed in the Year M.DCC. XXXIII. (Price 58.)" It was edited by A. R., and, according to the B.M. Catalogue, some copies have a new title-page bearing the words "Second Edi tion. 4. "Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliotheca Rawlinsoniana Catalogus......to be sold on Monday, 4 March, 1733/4. By Thomas Ballard, Bookseller. [Written by Ric. Rawlinson.] Eleventh Day's Sale. Lot 1001, page 88: "Some short Political Characters of the Chief of the Lords and Commons of England, of the then present ministry, and the most noted officers both by sea and land. Of the Foreign Ministers, and of the Nobility and Gentry of Scotland before the Union. N.B. This Book is said to have been wrote by one Capt. Macky, a Commander of a Packet 5. Swift's Works,' edited by John Nichols, 1812:- "Remarks on the Characters of the Court of name of John Macky (but written by Mr. Davis, Perhaps some reader of N. & Q.' can tell whether Mr. Davis's claim to the authorship of these fascinating sketches has been refuted, and on what evidence it was originally based. In Spring Macky's attestation I have little faith. It seems more than_possible that the original MS. was sent to Hanover, and that the copy used in preparing the printed edition of 1733 was a transcript in his father's hand. My own MS. (the property in 1717 of Secretary Johnstone) contains nothing that was not printed, and had I known of the Tixall copy I would willingly have paid 31. for it in the hope of recovering the lost characters. R. A. SCOTT MACFIE 34, Moorfields, Liverpool. CORONATION OF HENRY II. (9th S. v. 210).In hunting through my books I am unable to find any mention of a second coronation of this monarch. That he is credited with the ceremony may be inferred from the statement of Speed that Henry was crowned, with his consort, at Worcester on Christmas Day, 1158, 66 this being now the third time in which, at three several places, he had been crowned." In a foot-note to p. 247 of his 'Glory of Regality,' Taylor remarks: "It is most likely, however, that this assertion is grounded on the custom of bearing the crown at festivals." Roger of Hoveden assigns to Queen Eleanor's The English chroniclers account for but one coronation-that of the Sunday before Christmas, 1154. But there seems to be some slight evidence of a separate ceremony at Winchester. Whether Eleanor was present on this alleged occasion we are not told. Miss Kate Norgate ('England under the Angevin Kings') merely alludes to the matter in a short note-either thinking it of no importance or doubting it altogether. There is no other possible coronation of Henry II. In 1158 the king and queen finished a royal progress at Worcester, and laid down their crowns at St. Wulfstan's shrine, with an oath that they should never again be worn. Their son Henry was twice crowned during the king's lifetime-not once, as mentioned by MR. I. S. LEADAM. He gives the first date only (June, 1170). But the second coronation, at Winchester, 27 Aug., 1172, was, in a way, more remarkable, from the circumstances that forced it on the king. At the first coronation the young prince was not accompanied by his child-wife Margaret. The anger of her father, the King of France, was great; and when the results of Beckett's murder made Henry II. crown his son once more, Margaret was with him. The question of an early coronation of Henry II. could scarcely be raised with regard to his treaty with Stephen. Yet, on the progress which they made together, Henry received homage and hostages for the royal castles. It seems strange that no coronation accompanied them; but at least they were a good equivalent. GEORGE MARSHALL. Sefton Park, Liverpool. De Rapin-Thoyras, in his 'History of England,' says: "Henry was crowned the next day after his arrival from Normandy by Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, on 20 Dec., 1155, at Westminster." Recording the events of the year 1158, he says:— "In the beginning of the year, Henry's family was increased by the birth of a second son, whom he called Richard. A few days afterwards he renewed the ceremony of his coronation in the suburbs of Lincoln, not being so hardy as to do it within the walls of the city. He showed himself more scrupulous in this point, or perhaps more condescending to the prejudices of the people, than his predecessor Stephen." Going on to the events of the next year, he notes: “A year after (1159) a third son was born to the king, who was named Geoffrey. This same year he THE DISCOVERER OF PHOTOGRAPHY (9th S. v. 26, 116).—It was a chance coincidence that while reading the communications at the last reference there lay before me the following account by Chancellor McCracken, of the University of the City of New York, written at the time to explain a faded daguerreotype in the University's exhibit at the World's Fair, Chicago, 1893. It is not in direct line with the discussion, but may have interest as a supplement : "The daguerreotype is a picture of Miss [Dorothy] Draper, and was taken by her brother, John Draper, in 1840, when he was a professor in our university. made experiments in photography......but he never Previous to that time the Frenchman Daguerre had got beyond landscapes and pictures of still life. When Prof. Draper first tried to photograph a person, his idea was that the face should be covered with flour that the outlines might be more distinct. After many failures he tried one without anything success at the first...... Prof. Draper sent the picture on the face, and this picture of his sister was a to Sir William Herschel that his achievement might be known on the other side of the water, and Sir William acknowledged the gift and sent congratulations in a letter which was fortunately preserved. World's Fair...... I wrote to the present Sir William When our exhibit was being prepared for the Herschel, asking if the daguerreotype, if still in existence, could be loaned to the University. A reply came that no trace of the picture could be found or record of its ever having been received. I then had a copy made of Sir William's letter and sent it to his son. Seeing the acknowledgment from his father, Sir William renewed the search, and the daguerreotype was found among some longservation. forgotten papers, still in wonderfully good preMiss Draper is living, and sent her photograph, as she looks at eighty-five, to hang beside the one in which, so long ago, she had the honour of being the first person ever photographed." M. C. L. ELIZABETHAN TERMS (9th S. v. 148).-Lugg or lug is, of course, but another term for that overnamed measurement of 5 yards linear, or 30 superficial-the rod, pole, or perch. The word may be found so defined in old dictionaries, and Spenser has "eight lugs of ground" (F.Q.,' II. x. 11). The exclusion of such a meaning in most dictionaries dealing only with words in modern use seems to point to its general abandonment, but in Gloucestershire and Wilts the term has still strong vitality, for the majority of labourers "A kind of Church Fields, Salisbury. Hilfield, Yateley, Hants. In the Vandyke Exhibition at Burlington House there was a portrait of the fourth Lord Wharton, lent by the Empress of Russia. Lord Wharton is represented holding in his hand what the Catalogue calls a "shepherd's crook," but it is clearly a staff with three prongs at the end of it. This must be the sprangstaff or prangstaff mentioned by C. H. Prangs, I suppose, prongs. SHERBORNE. "THE THREE SISTER ARTS' (9th S. v. 313).— J. S. S., of Yale University Library, quotes Mr. W. H. Husk in reference to 'An Entertainment of Musick,' a piece with music by Dr. Pepusch. It may interest him to know that the score is in the British Museum Library. The title-page runs thus: "The score of An Entertainment of Musick call'd The Union of the Three Sister Arts as it is perform'd at the Theatre in Lincolns Inn Fields for St Cecilia's Day, 1723, Compos'd by Dr Pepusch.” This score was "Printed for I Walsh servt to his Majesty at the Harp and Hoboy in Catherine Street in the Strand, and Ino & Joseph Hare at the Viol and Flute in Cornhill near the Royal Exchange." J. S. S. (London). ROMAN NUMERALS (9th S. iii. 90, 214, 423; iv. 57, 151, 233, 428).-The University of Berlin in its Index Lectionum' for the current Our library possesses a copy of Scapula's semester uses the dates MDCCCIC.-MDCCCC. Greek Lexicon,' edited by Harmar, published at London, and dated cxxxx. (1637). Should not analogy and brevity be principle involved is that a single letter is our guides in forming combinations? The placed on the left for subtraction instead of several on the right for addition. Thus IX. is shorter than VIIII., &c. Why, then, not use CD. for 400 and CM. for 900, Ic. for 99, and so Most of these are in Halliwell's 'Dictionary on? The Berlin use above is curiously inconof Archaic and Provincial Words':-Prang-sistent, and the example of Harmar's Scapula staff see under 'Prong'; Welsh hook under 'Welch Hook'; winbell, probably "wimble"; and lugg under 'Lug.' W. C. B. = а is bad, as VII. is shorter, as well as simpler, University, Melbourne. Edward Phillips in his 'New World of Words,' 1720, says that contravallation, or counterline, is a trench guarded with parapet, or breastwork, which the besiegers usually cut round a place, without musket shot of it, to secure themselves on that side, and to stop the sallies of the garrison, so that the whole army which carries on a siege lies between the circumvallation and contraval-headed" Rackstrow's Museum. To be seen lation. Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary of English Authors' describes a Welsh hook to be a sword made in a hooked form, and quotes: "And swore the devil his true liege-man upon the cross of a Welsh-hook."-1 Henry IV.' (1598), II. iv. As tall a man as ever swagger B. Jonson, Masque in Honour of Wales,' vi. 49. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road, N. "RACKSTROW'S OLD MAN (9th S. v. 269).— There is plenty of information to be had about Rackstrow's Museum, but I have only time to hunt up one little bit. This is one of his original handbills (issued about 1761), at No. 197, Fleet-Street, near Temple-Bar. 23 |