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"PETIGREWE."-Can any of your readers kindly tell me the meaning of the word "petigrewe"? In the churchwardens' accounts of the parish of Liskeard, Cornwall, for the year 1606, amongst the things received by the new church wardens was a "petigrewe," and in 1608 the following entry occurs: "Paid Ambrose Lean for making a frame for the petigrew, viii." WHETTLE.

["Pettigrew" is sometimes used for pedigree.] 'THE PEN A JOURNAL OF LITERATURE.' -The initial number of this paper was issued as a weekly, at twopence, for Saturday, 22 May, 1880. At a later period it came out as a sixpenny monthly. The publishers were W. H. Moor & Co., 22, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. I should like to know how long the publication continued. No. 10 was issued in October, 1880. There was a previous periodical called the Pen, the first number of which was issued some time in 1867. J. P. B.

WILLIS AND PUCKRIDGE FAMILIES.--Information wanted about the family and genealogy of James Willis, of Ringwood, Hants, who died in 1755; also of the family of Puckridge, or Puckerege, of Romsey, Hants, of the time of 1690-1740. These two families were connected. A. GARWAY ATKINS. Waxham Rectory, Hickling, Norwich. ISLAND OF PROVIDENCE. PROVIDENCE. In a letter, undated, written by Sir Ed. Moundeford to Sir Simonds D'Ewes, in answer apparently to some inquiry about the island, the writer states that, "the company" desiring to sell the island to the States of Holland, the Earl of Holland, the company's governor, had applied to his Majesty for leave to sell. Leave was refused, but promise was made of certain advantages-e.g., freedom from cus

toms duties for twenty-one years; free letters of marque within ten degrees, and to have an admiralty of their own; freedom from the proclamation against going into the American plantations "so that we may send or carry whom we will." It was thought, the writer adds, that thenceforward much immigration would go to "this plantation instead of New this be? Query, that in the Bahamas (Nassau), England." Which island of Providence would or an islet of the same name further south and nearer to Honduras and Nicaragua? LOBUC.

"OLD JAMAICA."--What is the origin of this term as applied to the sun by sailors; and is its use confined to that class? I heard it used by an officer on a ship when, after towards evening. a dull day, a gleam of sunshine appeared "Ah!" he said, "there's old Jamaica." I asked him what he meant, and he said "old Jamaica" was a name that sailors gave to the sun. O. S.

Beplies.

SOUTH AFRICAN NAMES.

(9th S. iv. 436, 519.)

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A FEW names may be added to those already enumerated. Ladybrand, Ladygrey, and Ladyfrere are names of the same class as Ladysmith. Aliwal is a name transferred from India by Sir Harry Smith to commemorate the victory that he had gained on the Sutlej over the Sikhs in 1846. Delagoa Bay is a curiously jumbled version of the Portuguese Bahia de Lagoa, "bay of the lagoon"; and Lourenço Marques bears the name of a Portuguese trader who here established a factory for the barter of ivory with the natives. Further north, at the mouth of the name means a Pungeve River, is Beira, whose Portuguese Free State lies between the Orange River and spit of sand." The Orange the Vaal. The well-known orange tree on the postage stamp of the state is a punning cognizance, the name of the river having been given in compliment to the princes of Orange-Nassau, Stadtholders of Holland. The Transvaal Republic lies beyond the river Vaal, whose name means the "yellow" river (Dutch vaal, "yellow" or tawny "). It need hardly be said that Natal means Christmas in Portuguese, on which festival the coast was discovered. Bechuanaland is the country of the Bechuanas, which means "those who are alike," or equal, from the Bantu word chuana, "alike," "similar," or "equal," with the ethnic prefix. In 1670 Simon van der

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zune. I have also heard Filljee (Villiers).
Joubert I have heard pronounced as in French,
except that the final t is sounded (and pos-
sibly the initial j may be as in English, not in
French). By the way, I am absolutely certain
that the Cape (not the Holland) pronuncia-
tion of kopje is identical with the English
"copy."
R. J. WALKER.

Stell was the Dutch Governor of the Cape; he founded Stellenbosch, and his name is borne by Simon's Valley, and, it is believed, by Simon's Bay, on whose shores Simonstown has been built. Constantia, where a celebrated Cape vintage is grown, was so named in 1686 after his wife. In 1675 Drakenstein was named in honour of the Baron van Rheede, Lord of Drakenstein in Geldern. In 1839 Colesberg was named after Sir Lowry ORDER OF THE BATH (9th S. iv. 537).—The Cole, then Governor of the Cape. Another Governor, Sir Henry Barkly, gave his name when the Order of the Bath consisted of one proper contraction for Knight of the Bath, to Barkly West. Lord C. Somerset, son of class only (as is now the case with the Garter, the Duke of Beaufort, also a Governor, named When the two districts of Somerset and Beaufort. the Order was divided into three classes, a Thistle, and St. Patrick), was K.B. Port Elizabeth bears the name of the wife Knight Grand Cross had G.C.B. put after his of General Donkin. Lord Kimberley was Colonial Secretary when the diamond mines name, a Knight Commander K.C.B., and a at the place which bears his name were dis- Companion C.B., and the contraction K.B. as covered. The town and district of Paarl are used because there were no longer any simple applied to the Order of the Bath ceased to be named from a huge rounded block of granite Knights. It is still perfectly correct to apply called the "pearl," a neighbouring angular it to any one who was a Knight of the Order block being called the "diamond." Saldanha before it was divided into classes, if such a Bay bears the name of Admiral Antonio de Saldanha, who, in 1503, was there attacked The mistaken idea that K.B. necessity arises in writing historically. and wounded by the natives while watering Knight Bachelor is largely due to 'Debrett,' his ship. The Agulhas Bank, a great shoal which Peerage, I think, until quite recently which extends from Saldanha Bay nearly to used it in its pages with that meaning, and Natal, takes its name from the extreme added an equivalent explanation in the table southern point of Africa, called by the of contractions. This contraction, however, Portuguese Cabo das Agulhas, the "Cape ofDebrett' has now abandoned, using in prethe Needles," because here, at the time of the discovery, the needle of the compass showed no deviation, but pointed due north and south. One of the curiosities of local nomenclature is the name of the Cameroons, the greatest Before this Order was subdivided into the mountain mass in Western Africa, which three grades of Knights Grand Cross, Knights means "shrimps," the Portuguese having Commanders, and Companions, the proper given the name of Rio dos Camaraons, "river contraction of a Knight of the Bath was K.B., of shrimps," to a stream south of the moun- as a reference to Beatson's 'Political Index tain, which subsequently took its name from or to any Army List anterior to 1815 will the river. Johannesburg is named after show. In the case of a Knight Bachelor, the Mr. Johannes Rissik, the Surveyor-General contraction "Knt." sufficed to describe him. of the Transvaal, and not after Johannes W. F. PRIDEAUX. Paul Krüger, as I lately stated. I am asked how Krüger's name should be pronounced. The g is not hard, and the u is modified, so that Kreehyer very nearly represents the pronunciation in English spelling.

ISAAC TAYLOR.

Would MR. PLATT, whose contributions are always exceptionally welcome, at least to me, be good enough to look a little further into the points discussed by him in your issue of 23 Dec., 1899, and to give us the results of his study? I frequently converse with people from the Cape who know Cape Dutch; and I gather that Cape Dutch (as colloquially spoken) is very different from Holland Dutch. I have (e.g.) always heard Filljune, not Fill

means

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ference the contraction "Knt.," which is the
proper contraction for Knight or Knight
Bachelor.
A. C. Fox-DAVIES.

K.B. means Knight of the Bath, old style, and was the proper description. There is no "inferior order of Knight Bachelor." The last Knights made according to the ancient forms were at the coronation of Charles II. The Order, military only, was revived with restricted numbers by George I. in 1725. At the conclusion of the war in 1814 it was decided to extend the limits; and this was done on 2 January, 1815-" for the purpose of commemorating the auspicious termination of the contest"-by declaring that the Order should be composed of three classes. In 1847 it was further extended by the addition of Civil Knights Commanders and Companions; and the Order now consists of the three classes

-Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders, familiar to every reader of Scottish history and Companions. For further information see Sir Bernard Burke's Book of Orders of Knighthood.'

T. LONSDALE.

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[Very many similar replies are acknowledged.] GRAY AND WALPOLE (9th S. iv. 531).-The lot to which COL. PRIDEAUX refers under this heading as sold at Strawberry Hill, 12 May, 1842, is mentioned in the catalogue of that sale, sixteenth day, lot 56, as an agate puncheon seal, with the arms of Mr. Gray, the poet, and a goa stone. These two articles are extremely curious, and were presented to Mr. Walpole by Dr. Brewer [sic] and Mr. William Mason, the executors of Mr. Gray." George Robins's 'Edes Strawberrianæ reported the "names of purchasers and the prices to the Sale Catalogue," and of lot 56 stated that it fell to Strong, Bristol," for three guineas. This seems to have been a dealer or buyer on commission. His name frequently occurs in the 'Ædes' as having secured lots for small O.

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William Aislabie, who had succeeded to the estate of Studley, bought the adjoining property of Fountains, including the abbey, in 1768. See all the particulars in the late Mr. Walbran's 'Fountains Abbey,' vol. ii. 1878 (Surtees Soc., vol. lxvii.). W. C. B.

With reference to a paragraph in the note on Gray and Walpole,' I may say that the latter part of Cunningham's note doubtless contains an error, for the place referred to as "once the property of Mr. Hudson, the Railway King, now the property of Lord Londesborough," is Londesborough Park, near Market Weighton, between Beverley and York. T. LONSDALE.

"HORNING" (9th S. iv. 496).—I remember reading of this in one of Crockett's novels. I cannot now recollect which book it was, but it may have been 'The Men of the Moss Hags. I think the term used was being "put on the horn."

JOHN T. PAGE.

West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

"NIMMET" (9th S. iv. 438, 506).—A West Riding variant of this word is "minninon," applied to refreshment taken in the forenoon, usually bread and cheese and ale.

E. S. ALDERSON.

SCOTT QUOTATION WANTED (9th S. iv. 518). -The stanza quoted closes the fragmentary 'Shepherd's Tale' of 1799. Of this Lockhart says: "Another imperfect ballad, in which he had meant to blend together two legends

and romance, has been found in the same portfolio, and the handwriting proves it to be of the same early date" ('Life of Scott,' i. 307, ed. 1837). Lockhart quotes the fragment in extenso. See any good edition of the poems in the section "Lyrical and Miscellaneous Pieces, in the Order of their Composition or Publication." THOMAS BAYNE.

The stanza is correctly quoted from the seventh of the Miscellaneous Poems,' arranged in chronological order. The title of the poem is The Covenanter's Fate,' written in 1799, exactly a century ago.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

[Other replies are acknowledged.] SCANDAL ABOUT QUEEN ELIZABETH (9th S. iv. 187, 272, 541).-If the next time your correspondent PALAMEDES happens to be at Penshurst Place (it is not a castle) he will examine the well-known picture of the queen dancing, he will see nothing shocking about it. She is dancing a dance of the period, in which the gentleman at certain intervals fell gracefully on one knee whilst his partner took a short rest on the other. A modification of this dance would be a welcome change from our eternal waltz. HENRY TAYLOR. Braeside, Tunbridge Wells.

CLERKS OF THE BOARD OF GREEN CLOTH (9th S. iv. 329, 388, 443, 486).—I was wrong in stating that Beatson does not give a list of these. It occurs in part iii. p. 110, infra the general heading of Suppressed Offices,' edition 1786. There were three editions of this most useful compilation, viz., 1786, 1804, 1806. The scheme was modernized and, to a certain extent, brought up to date by Joseph Haydn in 'The Book of Dignities,' published by Messrs. Longman in 1851.

W. ROBERTS.

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CARDINAL YORK (9th S. iv. 289).—The statement is not incredible, seeing that Henry was twenty-three years of age before he became cardinal. He was, too, distinguished for much spirit in these early years. But the thing is very improbable. So much has been raked up about the later Stuarts that this would assuredly not be overlooked by people who have accepted the statements of the Countess Albany. There was much mystery about Henry's will, but it resulted in nothing that would suggest the birth of The tale of the Sobieski Stuarts is even worse. Surely the legend of the Allens is not going to appear again, with Henry Benedict for Charles Edward. Whether they were impostors or not, the Sobieski Stuarts made a romantic story without any great reference to Cardinal York. In connexion with the life in Rome, I venture to mention an article in the July Quarterly on Montesquieu in Italy. From it can be gathered the ease with which endless and boundless scandals of this kind could be put abroad. Cardinal Ottoboni, for instance, was the reputed father of about seventy children.

GEORGE MARSHALL.

Sefton Park, Liverpool. THE VOWEL COMBINATION EO (9th S. i. 305). -This may well puzzle a foreigner, e. g., in trying to "The yeoman saved his people from the leopard." George Sandys, in his version of the Æneid,' bk. i., speaks of "Eneas feoble knees." See p. 535 of the Ovid volume, RICHARD H. THORNTON.

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Portland, Oregon.

THE ORIGIN OF "TIPS" (9th S. iv. 308, 352, 461, 488). The verb will be found in Richard Head's Canting Academy; or, the Devil's Cabinet Opened' (London, 1673), at p. 37 :Earnest, A part or share, As for example,,,Tip me my Earnest, Give me my Share or Divident."

Q. V.

JAMES DOUGLAS STODDART DOUGLAS (9th S. iv. 539) The question as to whether a particular individual is entitled to armorial bearings can only be satisfactorily answered by the College of Arms. If the above-mentioned Douglas registered his descent from a Douglas to whom armorial bearings had been granted or allowed, he would be entitled to bear the arms and crest with due difference. If he could not prove his descent from an armiger, it would be open to him to become a grantee himself by petitioning the Earl Marshal and paying the fees. In Scotland, even if he proved descent, he would have to have the arms matriculated. CHEVRON.

IRON PAVEMENT (9th S. iv. 514).--This experiment seems to have been tried in more than one part of London. In the European Magazine for July, 1817, p. 30, there are some Reflections on Modern Improvements in Science,' in the course of which the writer remarks:

fast reverting to the Iron Age......Our parochial
"It seems, however, with all our wisdom, we are
limits are defined by iron. On iron streets we may
roam by day, while on iron [bed]steads we may, if we
choose, repose by night. I was naturally led into
making respecting iron pavement in the vicinity of
these reflections, on observing the experiment now
Leicester Square.'

of iron versus granite.
He then proceeds to discuss the question
G. L. APPERSON.

With reference to MR. R. WELFORD'S query about 'Iron Pavement,' tessellated pavement was, to the best of my belief, laid down in Leadenhall Street in the early sixties to remedy the slipperiness of the wooden pavement. I believe it was not a success.

SEXAGENARIAN.

FLAXMAN'S WIFE (9th S. iv. 399, 502).—On 3 April, 1815, twenty persons formed a society, and taking a large upper room near the Obelisk in St. George's Fields, Southwark, doctrines promulgated by Emanuel Swedenthere commenced worship according to the attended its efforts, the little band took a borg. Three years later, success having lease of a piece of land in Waterloo Road and 30 May, 1819. The lease was granted to three built thereon a chapel, which was opened on of the members, whereof one is described as "Jervoise Bugby, Bedford Street, Strand, London, Gentleman." His wife was-I have it on the authority of an octogenarian lady to whom the fact was familiar in her childhood-a niece of Anne Denman, who married of Swedenborg's teaching is a matter of John Flaxman. His complete acceptance common knowledge. In 1820 the society determined to open a free school, and erected for the purpose a building at the back of the chapel, wherein the school was started in 1821, and continued for upwards of a quarter of a century. Jervoise Bugby, aforesaid, was treasurer of the school for the years 1822-3 and 1823-4, and I have temporarily in my possession the original account - book in which his figures appear in the very finest clerkly fashion of the period. Among the subscribers' names are those of "Mr. E. Denman " and " Mr. W. Denman."

Can any reader of N. & Q.' give me information concerning the "celebrated John Church, well known in London by the name of the Obelisk Preacher,'" who preceded this

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LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS (9th S. iv. 512).-A short notice of Cavendish Weedon, Esq., appears in the appendix to 'The Student's Guide to Lincoln's Inn,' by Thomas Lane (second edition), 1805, pp. 209-10. From this it appears that he was

"a younger son of Thomas Weedon, in the county
of Bucks, Esq., by Frances, his wife, daughter of
Sir Henry Crook, son of Robert Crook, of Chilton,
barcnet; which Sir Robert was twice Speaker of
the House of Commons, and died one of the judges
of the Court of King's Bench."

It is further stated that about 1683 Weedon
became the first inhabitant of New Square, or
Serle's Court as it was first named. By his
enterprise the square received many embel-
lishments, including a fountain in the
centre. He collected subscriptions to provide
an organ for Lincoln's Inn Chapel, but this
proposal seems to have been rejected. With
respect to the plan for beautifying Lincoln's
Inn Fields as set forth by MR. ROBBINS, Lane
states in a note that Wren's model of the
projected chapel is in Lincoln's Inn Library
"and in good preservation." Is this still the
case? Thomas Allen, in his 'History and
Antiquities of London' (1828), iv. 408, says:
"In the early part of the last century a Mr.
Wheedon [sic] proposed to erect a beautiful range
of buildings on the east side of the [Lincoln's Inn]
gardens. The plan was that they should be only one
story high, and be without chimneys, but it did not
meet with encouragement."

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JOHN T. PAGE.

"Sock" (9th S. iv. 539). This word is in constant use in this locality. It has two meanings, one being "to throw," e.g., "I'll sock a stone at you.' A favourite diversion amongst boys just now is "socking" birds. They proceed along the hedges, one boy or more on each side, all armed with stones, with which they unmercifully pelt or "sock" any poor bird they come across. The other meaning of the word is "to beat or to clout," e.g., "I'll fetch you a sock o' the ear-hole." JOHN T. PAGE.

West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

I have known "sock" in this connexion all my life, and it is sometimes now used here. "I'll sock him," "I'll give him bell-sock," "He got a good socking," are common forms. I have known when lads were fighting their "siders" to call out, Sock him!" "Sock him!" by which, I believe, was meant, in ring phrase, to give an "upper cut." A formidable fighter is called "a bell-socker." แ Sock" is

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A stone in the heel of a sock or stocking is a well-known extempore life preserver or taker. THOMAS J. JEAKES.

above reference; the phrase is common slang, and [To "sock" is to thrash soundly, as stated at the used, we should say, everywhere.]

"DOCTOR" A CHRISTIAN NAME (9th S. iv. 518). At the Salford County Court, on 7 December last, Doctor Frank Holt, of Harpurhey, sought to recover 12s. 6d. for a bottle of nerve tonic supplied to the defendant, Mr. J. B. Foden, a member of the Salford Borough Council. Plaintiff said the defendant ordered half a gallon of his "nerve tonic." He sent the tonic, but when he applied for payment the defendant threatened to kick him out of the house. The defendant's version was that, when going on the Exchange one day, plaintiff, whom he did not know, accosted him by name and said he was Dr. Holt, of Southport, on a visit to Manchester with his celebrated nerve tonic. Defendant replied that he did not want any tonic; but plaintiff insisted on sending him some, and he wrote to plaintiff telling him that it was lying there at his risk. He had had the tonic analyzed, and handed the result of the analysis to Judge Parry, who said it appeared from the analysis that the analyst put the value of the mixture the tonic contained 98 per cent. of water, and down at a penny per gallon. Continuing, the judge said that the plaintiff would have to satisfy him that he trying to obtain money by false pretences. Why, he asked, do you call yourself "Dr."? plaintiff: I have no degree; I was christened Have you any degree? Doctor." In giving judgment his Honour said the plaintiff described himself Doctor," and had said he was christened Doctor," but he put it in a manner that was unfair to the public, because it suggested to them that he was a Doctor of Medicine when he was nothing of the sort. Of course he had as perfect a right as any one else to sell nervine tonic, but he must sell it fairly. He gave judgment for the defendant with costs on the middle scale. Plaintiff's parents must have been endowed with remarkable foresight to have christened their son Doctor. Possibly the nerve tonic formula was a family

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